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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Drawn by the luxuries of the east, Europeans set out to explore a world distorted by their own imaginations and lack of knowledge. The World Imagined. The Lure of the “East”

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 • Drawn by the luxuries of the east, Europeans set out to explore a world distorted by their own imaginations and lack of knowledge.

  2. The World Imagined • The Lure of the “East” • Eastern Trade, when they referred to “India”, they included southeast Asia and the many islands dotting the Pacific, and although Vasco da Gama reached the mainland of India, he would have been happy to land on any of the Pacific island. • More then just a geographic entity , though, the East, in many Europeans minds, was the source of valuable luxury goods. • Since the Middle Ages, Europe had lusted after the silks, fine carpets, pottery, and precious jewels produced in the East.

  3. The World Imagined • Europeans were so impressed by these exotic goods that they praised the Chinese as the “finest craftsman in the world”. • Yet it was the spices from the Orient that riveted westerns attention. • People clamored for cloves, cinnamon, and pepper in particular-all available only in the East. • Since the time of the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder, people had heard of unusual races of people who inhabited parts of the world outside the Mediterranean. • Pliny’s works had been read, copied, and embellished, over the centuries, and by the fifteenth century, explores expected to find beings as bizarre as dog-headed humans and the list goes on.

  4. The World Imagined • Ptolemy’s Map • During the fifteenth century, western Europeans acquired the Geography of Ptolemy. This guide had been translated from Greek, reproduced by the new printing presses, and widely distributed. • Ptolemy portrayed the world as a globe, divided into the familiar 360 degrees of longitude. • This ancient geographer believed that the world consisted of three continents-Asia, Africa, and Europe-and two Oceans-the Indian Ocean and the western Ocean. • Ptolemy made two major errors. He underestimated the extent of the oceans, suggesting that land covered three-fourths of the earth’s surface, and he miscalculated the earth’s as being one-sixth smaller than its true size.

  5. Chapter 12 • Fame, fortune, and faith motivated the explorations that led to the discovery of the New World and European settlements across the globe.

  6. The World Discovered • Though the lure of wealth motivated explorers and the sovereigns who funded them, some adventurers had other incentives for embarking on these risky travels. • Religion also served as a major impulse for Europeans to seek new worlds. • Christians during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries felt besieged by the Islamic empire of the Ottoman Turks that loomed on Europe’s eastern border. • Some voyages aimed to find allies against the Turks. • The Reformation within Europe also stimulated explorations and migrations, as Catholics sought converts to Catholicism overseas and Protestants looked for new lands where they could practice their faith. • Faith joined with fame and fortune to drive Europeans across the seas.

  7. The World Discovered • New Technologies and Travel. • Europeans had a passion for adventure, but they also needed strong navigational tools and skills if they were to survive these hazardous journeys. • One device, the quadrant, aligned with the fixed North star at night to let navigators determine their latitude, however , this was not useful in the Southern Hemisphere, where the North Star was not visible. • Mapmakers had gained experience in charting the seas and lands and could graphically document their travels with some accuracy. • Late fifteenth century Portuguese built ships that marked the highest development of long evolution of Mediterranean sailing ships. • In the Middle Ages, shipbuilders had developed a new kind of sail rigging that allowed ships to maneuver near shore in uncertain winds.

  8. The World Discovered • By the sixteenth century, shipbuilders had improved the mobility of the sails and the rigging of the ropes so that the sails could be moved readily. • The real secret to long-distance sailing, however, was the lateen, a triangular, mobile sail at the rear. • This device not only let the ship sail faster, it also allowed it to sail at an angle to the wind and thus progress upwind-a crucial advantage for traveling into the prevailing westerly winds of the Atlantic. • The Portuguese explorers had an immediate goal in mind: to venture south around Africa to the Indian Ocean and trade directly with natives in India for spices and other luxury items. • This rout would eliminate the troublesome role of the Ottoman Turks as key players in the eastern Mediterranean trade network.

  9. The World Discovered • Portuguese explorers scored spectacular successes in opening up the trade to the east. • Portuguese established a string of trading outposts throughout the east. • The Spanish, took a quite different approach. Spain’s explores sailed westward in hopes of reaching the fabulous Orient, believing Ptolemy’s claim that the land of plenty lay just over the horizon. • Christopher Columbus perhaps best exemplifies Spain’s travel ambitions. • Columbus presented his idea to the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. • According to the admiral’s account, as he stepped ashore, Columbus “clamed all the lands for their Highnesses, by proclamation and with the royal standard displayed.” according to Columbus, the many islanders who watched him did not object.

  10. The World Discovered • As the Spanish and Portuguese both raced to claim lands on their way east, they inevitably came into conflict. • The Catholic sovereigns of Spain and Portugal appealed to the Pope to divide the world into two spheres of influence. • The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the Spanish received exclusive rights to the lands west of a line drawn 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands off the coast of Africa, and the Portuguese received rights to the lands east of the line.

  11. The World Discovered • The northern Europeans join the race, 1600-1650. • England, France, and the Netherlands came late to the race for the riches of the New World. • They started by looking for a “northwest passage” to the East that would parallel the southern rout around South America. • John Cabot help led the way for England. • Jauques Cartier led three voyages up the St. Lawrence River in what is today Canada. • The Dutch planted colonies in North America, (Manhattan Island). • The English by 1700 had about 250,000 colonists living along the American coast line.

  12. Chapter 12 • Early contacts between Europeans and other peoples quickly deteriorated as Europeans forced Amerindians, Africans, and Asians to cooperate in the fulfillment of European material and spiritual needs.

  13. Confrontation of Cultures • The Original Americans • Agriculture • Empire Building • Aztec Empire • Early Contacts • North American Contacts • Deteriorating Relations • Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520-1550 • Corte’s Explorations • Confronting the Aztecs • Aztecs Conquered • Incas Conquered • Germs

  14. Confrontation of Cultures • Early Contacts • North American Contacts • Deteriorating Relations • Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520-1550 • Corte’s Explorations • Confronting the Aztecs • Aztecs Conquered • Incas Conquered • Germs

  15. Confrontation of Cultures • Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550-1700 • Enforced Labor • American Mortality C.1665-66 BARTOLOME ESTEBAN MURILLO ST. MICHAEL • The African Slave Trade • Sugar Plantations • African Slaves • Impact in Africa • Slave Rebellions • Gathering Souls in the New Lands • Virgin of Guadalupe • Missionaries • Christianity Transformed

  16. Chapter 12 • The Emergence of trade on a global scale triggered revolutionary changes in government policies, banking, work, and attitudes.

  17. The World Market and Commercial Revolution • High Prices and Profit: Trading on the World Stage • Inflation • The Rise of Commercial Capitalism • Capitalist Ideas • Joint-Stock Companies • Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade • Economic Nationalism • Economic Regulations • The Growth of Banking • State Banks

  18. The World Market and Commercial Revolution • The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson • Redefining Work Roles • Women’s Work • Leaving the Work Force • Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550-1700 • Early Privateers • Pirate Life

  19. Chapter 12 • Contact and commerce between Europe and the rest of the world transformed both European and American; and African and Asian cultures as plants, goods, and ideas were exchanged.

  20. European Culture Spreads • European Culture Spreads • Plants • Population Mixing • European Culture Transformed • New Foods • New Stimulants • Tobacco • A New Worldview • Scientific Observations • Mercator Maps

  21. Critical Question • The World Imagined • Why did Europeans covet the products of the east? Which ones did they seek and why? • How did Europeans imagine the peoples who lived outside of the Mediterranean? • What was the significance of Ptolemy's map? What were its shortcomings? • The World Discovered • What drove Europeans to explore the world? • What innovations in navigation aided the explorations of the Europeans? • What improvements were made in ship-building?What gains in exploration were made by the Portuguese?What did Columbus discover on his voyages? What were his misconceptions about what he had found?What conflict did the Treaty of Tordesillas resolve? What were the conditions agreed to by Spain and Portugal?How did England, France, and the Netherlands join in the race to explore the world?Confrontation of CulturesHow and when did people first arrive in the Americas?How did agriculture lead to the development of agricultural societies with highly concentrated populations? What were the key crops and where were these societies located?What happened during the course of the earliest encounters between Europeans and Americans?What were European impressions of Amerindian culture and customs?Why was Malinche important for Cortés?How did Europeans conquer the Aztec and the Inca empires? What advantages did the Europeans possess?How did Europeans meet their goals of enriching their home countries?What criticism did Las Casas make of the colonial enterprise? What solutions did he propose?Why was slavery introduced to the New World?How did the slave trade affect the New World? How did it affect Africa?How did missionaries approach the challenge of converting peoples across the world? How and why was Christianity transformed in the New World?The World Market and Commercial RevolutionHow and why did a world market emerge?How did inflation cause stagnation and yet stimulate economic activity?What were the strategies and innovations of early capitalists?How did mercantilist governments approach the problem of governing the colonies? What were their policies?

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