Journal Entry #10

1. Journal Entry #10 • What does freedom mean to you? • How might this be different from the freedom of those in the 18thc.?

2. Who said it? • For the following slides, identify or guess who said the following quotes.

3. Who said it? • “…that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” • Abraham Lincoln

4. Who said it? • “You are never strong enough that you don’t need help” • Cesar Chavez

5. Who said it? • “The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.” • Franklin D. Roosevelt

6. Who said it? • “The right is ours. Have it we must. Use it, we will.” • Elizabeth Cady Stanton

7. Who said it? • “This was not just an attack on the city of New York.” • Rudolph Giuliani

8. Who said it? • “ Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” • John F. Kennedy

9. Who said it? • “What to the American slave is your Fourth of July?” • Fredrick Douglass

10. Who said it? • “Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” • Patrick Henry

11. What are some examples of famous slogans or mottoes of your generation? • How are they different from the quotes discussed?

12. Pair*Share • Share your response to, “What does freedom mean to you?” with a person sitting next to you. • Share your responses • Let’s prepare for the final

13. Persuasive Speech What is persuasive speech? Look in your textbook on page 1268 and write the definition on your genre handout.

14. Rhetorical Devices Language tools that skillful writers and speakers use to add clarity and interest to their work.

15. What are the techniques speakers use? • Antithesis • Repetition • Asyndeton and polysyndeton • Restatement • Parallelism: anaphora and conduplicatio • Rhetorical questions • Appeals to emotion • Appeals to reason

16. Antithesis • Makes use of a contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas. • “That’s one small step for (a) man; one giant leap for mankind.” - Neil Armstrong • “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” - Martin Luther King, Jr.

17. REPETITION p. 167 • Restating an idea using the same words. • Example: “Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.” Martin Luther King, Jr.

18. Asyndeton and polysyndeton • Two forms that add stylistic force to your writing by handling conjunctions in non-standard ways. • Asyndeton - leaves out conjunctions in a list or between clauses: “They all sat under one roof and ate from one table - princes, dukes, barons, earls, kings, merchants, beggars.” • Polysyndeton - puts a conjunction between every item: “The banquet table was a riot of beef and pork and lamb and fish and fresh vegetables and candied fruits and all sorts of wonderful dainties.”

19. RESTATEMENT p. 167 • Repeating an idea in a variety of ways • Example: “Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free.” John F. Kennedy • Vocabulary – in (not); en (in; into)

20. PARALLELISM p. 167 • Repeating grammatical structures • Example: • “Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.” “Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.” Martin Luther King Jr. Alleghenies –mountain ranges “of the people, by the people, for the people” – who said it?

21. Two forms of parallelism • Anaphora - device in which the writer repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of multiple clauses: “I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam I am. - Dr. Suess • Conduplicatio - takes a key word from one phrase or sentence and repeats it at the beginning of the next phrase or sentence: “The federal government has often been compared to a ship, and that ship is captained by the President.”

22. RHETORICAL QUESTION p. 167 • Asking a question whose answer is self-evident; intended to stir emotions. • Example: “So tonight, let us ask ourselves -if our children should live to see the next century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we have made?”Barack Obama Or “And Ain’t I a Woman?” Sojourner Truth

23. APPEAL – What does it mean? • Noun - the power or ability to attract, interest, amuse, or stimulate the mind or emotions: • Verb - to ask for aid, support, mercy, sympathy, or the like; make an earnest entreaty (earnest request or petition)

24. Pathos APPEAL TO EMOTION p. 167 • asks the audience to experience their hopes, fears, likes and dislikes to persuade them. • Example: “But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to – it belongs to you.” Barack Obama How does President Obama appeal to the people’s hopes?

25. APPEAL TO REASON Logos • asks audience to think in a rational way to persuade them. • Uses facts, statistics and examples “I could work as much and eat as much as a man-” Sojourner Truth

26. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY Ethos • Asks audience to accept the credibility or reliability of an idea based on its use or relation to an authority on the subject – may even appeal to listener’s vanity. • Mostly found in marketing and slogans

27. Let’s try! • Speech in the Second Virginia Convention by Patrick Henry • But first,….. WHO IS PATRICK HENRY?

28. Henry is considered the most powerful orator (speaker) of the American Revolution. He helped to inspire colonists to unite in an effort to win their independence. After he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses he delivered one of his most powerful speeches, persuading members to resist English rule and go to war. Patrick Henry (1736 -1799)

29. Speech in the Virginia Convention – 1775, Virginia • Henry delivered this most famous speech at the Virginia Provincial Convention to urge resistance to England. • The speech impacted the audience, feeding the Revolutionary Spirit and the independent ideals of a new nation breaking free from English dependence.

30. Structure • The speech starts off with a rebuttal of the previous speeches. • Rebuttal - the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument  • Then he defends his own position • He expresses that England’s actions (Stamp Act; Townshend Acts – taxes on goods paid to England) imply war and colonist slavery. • He ends with a strong appeal to emotions – try to figure out how and why Notice the allusions Henry uses - Greek mythology and the Bible

31. LET’S LISTEN • Procedure: • We will read from “Mr. President..” to “to know the worst and to provide for it.” • Listen to the remainder of the speech on CD. • Imagine your are a member of the Virginia Convention • Use your analysis sheet – to write what you think is an example of Repetition Parallelism Rhetorical question

32. What appeals do we notice? • How does Henry appeal to the audience’s emotion? • How does Henry appeal to the audience’s reasoning and logic?

33. Repetition and restatement • “-we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! • “-let it come. I repeat it, sir, let it come!”

34. Parallelism • “We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated.” (Anaphora) • “..in vain…”; “In vain,…”; “It is in vain..” (Conduplicatio) • “If we wish to be free…” (Anaphora) • “If we mean to preserve…” • “If we mean, not basely..”

35. Rhetorical question • “I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it?” • “And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument?”