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If we don’t take care of the customer, Maybe he’ll stop bugging us. www.despair.com

If we don’t take care of the customer, Maybe he’ll stop bugging us. www.despair.com. Galen’s medical theories. Few willing to undergo surgery . Limited research & knowledge . Galen’s medical theories. FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY.

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If we don’t take care of the customer, Maybe he’ll stop bugging us. www.despair.com

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  1. If we don’t take care of the customer, Maybe he’ll stop bugging us. www.despair.com

  2. Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen Vesalius (1514-1564): Paracelsus (1493-1541): Taught in vernacular Said factors outside the body caused disease Taught fr. experience Did his own dissections Anatomy book set standard of accuracy Made own instruments Mounting evidence contradicting Galen: Blood flows fr. arteries to veins & back toward heart Valves that prevent flow of blood out of the heart Air doesn’t flow naturally from the lungs to the heart William Harvey’s synthesis & book (1628) show blood constantly recirculates Further research on human anatomy

  3. 13th century depiction of arteries & veins

  4. a FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Why was there so little progress in surgery & knowledge of how the body works?

  5. a FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Nothing to kill pain in surgery

  6. a Few willing to undergo surgery Number of surgeries? FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery

  7. a Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Research & knowledge? FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery

  8. a Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to base research on?

  9. Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Problem w/that?

  10. Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Empty veins conclusion that… FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body

  11. Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Most important medical authority?

  12. Galen (130-199 A.D.) Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  13. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  14. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  15. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  16. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  17. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  18. Galen dissecting a sow

  19. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them

  20. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Good health requires balance of? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  21. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  22. Blood: corresponded to air (which is hot and wet), and also to the planet Jupiter, the apostle Mark, morning, spring, and the astrological signs of Gemini, Taurus, and Aries. Theophrastus, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school, stated that people with too much blood were bound to be sanguine (contented, positive) individuals.

  23. Yellow Yellow bile corresponded to fire (which is hot and dry) and to Mars, the apostle Paul, summer, noon, the liver, and the signs of Virgo, Leo, and Cancer. People with too much yellow bile, which medieval doctors claimed was manufactured in the gall bladder, were said to be bold & exuberant, but also choleric (cantankerous) individuals.

  24. Black Bile corresponded to earth (which is cold and dry), Saturn, the apostle John, the afternoon, autumn, the spleen and to Sagitarius, Scorpio, and Libra in the Zodiac. Individuals suffering from a disproportionately large amount of black bile in their bodies were said to be melancholic (gloomy).

  25. Phlegm corresponded to water (which is cold and wet), the moon, the apostle Peter, evening, winter, and the signs of Pisces, Aquarius, and Capricorn. Individuals with too much phlegm in their bodies were said to be phlegmatic: not easily excited to action or display of emotion; apathetic, and sluggish.

  26. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Air goes from lungs to? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  27. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) What happens to blood in heart? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  28. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Blood & air mix Pneuma Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  29. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Belief that disease is purely a matter of? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness

  30. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Limited research & knowledge Few willing to undergo surgery Galen’s medical theories Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Treatment?

  31. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  32. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  33. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health ROLE OF THE RENAISSANCE? Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  34. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health ROLE OF REN. ART? Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  35. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  36. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  37. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  38. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  39. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  40. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. - Getting cadavers hard  Grave robbing till 1700's Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  41. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. - Getting cadavers hard  Grave robbing till 1700's - No refrig  done quickly, continuously, & outside Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66)

  42. Left: Early anatomy lesson where doctor reads from Galen while students dissect Below: Jacob Sylvius, one of the most ardent and prestigious supporters of Galen in the mid 1500s. Apparently, he was also known as a “stingy-gut” as seen in his epitaph: "Here lies Sylvius who never did a thing w/o a fee Even in death, he grieves that you read this for free."

  43. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. - Getting cadavers hard  Grave robbing till 1700's - No refrig  done quickly, continuously, & outside How are they explained? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen

  44. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. - Getting cadavers hard  Grave robbing till 1700's - No refrig  done quickly, continuously, & outside Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen

  45. Galen (130-199 A.D.) - Autopsies banned in Rome  Used monkeys & pigs  Find small intestine is long  Need to eat less often -Galen did see corpses left by bandits & drowned (?) Dissections - Banned. in Rome & Muslim world, but not by Church - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's  Mostly condemned crim’s  often dismembered; - Few women criminals  Little info on female anat. - Getting cadavers hard  Grave robbing till 1700's - No refrig  done quickly, continuously, & outside Paracelsus (1493-1541) Taught in what language? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen Paracelsus (1493-1541): Taught in vernacular Said factors outside the body caused disease Taught fr. experience

  46. Galen (130-199 A.D.) • - Autopsies banned in Rome •  Used monkeys & pigs •  Find small intestine is long •  Need to eat less often • -Galen did see corpses left • by bandits & drowned (?) • Dissections • - Banned. in Rome & Muslim • world, but not by Church • - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's •  Mostly condemned crim’s •  often dismembered; • - Few women criminals •  Little info on female anat. • - Getting cadavers hard •  Grave robbing till 1700's • - No refrig  done quickly, • continuously, & outside • Paracelsus (1493-1541) • Taught in vernacular •  vs Hippocr. oath Dr's mad •  Most books not printed Said what caused disease? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen Paracelsus (1493-1541): Taught in vernacular Said factors outside the body caused disease Taught fr. experience

  47. Galen (130-199 A.D.) • - Autopsies banned in Rome •  Used monkeys & pigs •  Find small intestine is long •  Need to eat less often • -Galen did see corpses left • by bandits & drowned (?) • Dissections • - Banned. in Rome & Muslim • world, but not by Church • - More pub. dissect’s in 1300's •  Mostly condemned crim’s •  often dismembered; • - Few women criminals •  Little info on female anat. • - Getting cadavers hard •  Grave robbing till 1700's • - No refrig  done quickly, • continuously, & outside • Paracelsus (1493-1541) • Taught in vernacular •  vs Hippocr. oath Dr's mad •  Most books not printed • - Outside causes Disease: • poisons, minerals, stars Taught based on what? Galen’s medical theories Few willing to undergo surgery Limited research & knowledge Galen’s medical theories FC.98 THE DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM & BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY Taboos vs. surgery & dissection Nothing to kill pain in surgery Forced to rely on research on animals bled to death Aristotle’s theory of 4 elements (FC. 22) Incorrect analogies to human body Empty veins Idea air flows in them Various misconceptions synthesized into Galen’s theories: Theory of 4 humors Must be in balance to stay healthy Air goes from lungs to heart in order to cool it Blood goes from heart to body & is absorbed by it Blood & air mixPneuma Consciousness Belief that disease is purely a matter of internal balance of humors, not any external factors Purging, esp. bloodletting, will restore balance of humors & patient’s health Ren. Find anc. Grks opposing Galen (FC. 76) Ren. art Stress realistic anatomy (FC. 77A) Church & tradition back Galen (FC. 66) New findings contradicting Galen Explanations in context of Galen Paracelsus (1493-1541): Taught in vernacular Said factors outside the body caused disease Taught fr. experience

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