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Solar Energy

Solar Energy. Daniel A. Higgins Dept. of Chemistry, Kansas State University. Energy, Environmental Impacts, and Sustainability Intersession Workshop. Wind Energy. Solar Electric. Solar Energy. Wave Power. Ocean Power Delivery, Ltd. Babcock/NREL. Petroleum. Hydroelectric. Coal Natural

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Solar Energy

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  1. Solar Energy Daniel A. Higgins Dept. of Chemistry, Kansas State University Energy, Environmental Impacts, and Sustainability Intersession Workshop

  2. Wind Energy Solar Electric Solar Energy Wave Power Ocean Power Delivery, Ltd. Babcock/NREL Petroleum Hydroelectric Coal Natural Gas ACS

  3. “Convenient” Access to Solar Energy • Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas • Coal: ≈ 20 MJ/kg • Petroleum: ≈ 48 MJ/kg • Natural Gas: ≈ 59 MJ/kg • Problem: • It Takes Millions of Years to Form Fossil Fuels • Equivalent ≈ 8x109 metric tons of Petroleum/year • 5.4x109 metric tons Carbon Emitted/year • NOT Sustainable!

  4. How Much Solar Energy? • Energy used by Earth’s Inhabitants: • 400 EJ in ONE YEAR • Energy from the Sun: • 10,800 EJ in ONE DAY • 27X More than Used in One Year • Photon Energy • in Visible: • 240 kJ/mole • 2.5 eV 1 EJ = 1x1018 J

  5. Direct Solar • Passive Solar • Greenhouse Effect • Active Solar • Solar Thermal • Concentrate, Heat from Sun • Solar Electric • Photovoltaics • Sunlight --> Electricity Aitken/NREL SES/Boeing/NREL PowerLight/NREL

  6. Solar - Where? • In kWh/kW-yr From: NREL To Meet All Our Needs: Solar Area = 100x100 miles2

  7. Photovoltaic Cells • Mostly Silicon • Crystalline, Microcrystalline, Amorphous, Thin Film From: Ken Zweibel, NREL

  8. Photovoltaic Efficiency (Solar) Limited by Photon Energy, Band Gap http://www.solarserver.de

  9. First Solar Thin-Film PV Module Component/Cost Issues • Solar Photovoltaics • ≈ $3-4/Wp • ≈ $0.15-$0.30/kWh • Biggest Factor- • PV Module • Materials/Efficiency • Challenge: • Large Area PVs • CHEAP!

  10. System Costs 100.00 History Forecast History 60.74 All Power Modules – Accel.& Bus.as Usual Large Modules – Accelerated NREL Large Modules – Bus. As Usual Power Modules Average Selling Price 20.79 10.67 10.00 $/Wp 8.17 7.60 5.65 5.94 2.89- 3.65 4.80 2.74 3.80 2.11- Large Modules Sold in Quantity 1.78 2.66- 2.52 2.00- 1.69 1.00 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

  11. 03489805a 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Photovoltaic Production MW World US Japan Europe Other 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 From NREL - Derived from PV News

  12. Reducing Cost - Emerging Materials Like Thin-Film Inorganics • Organic Semiconductors • Semiconducting Polymers • Small Molecule Organics • Dye-Sensitized • Composite Devices • Advantages • Coat Arbitrary Surfaces • Photovoltaic “Paint”? • Less Expensive Materials • Challenges • Less Efficient • Different Mechanism (Tightly Bound Excitons) Ken Zweibel, NREL

  13. New Photoactive Organic Films - KSU • Previously: • Symmetric Diimides • Crystalline or Liquid Crystalline (at High Temperatures) • Polymer-Diimide Composite Films • Optoelectronic Properties: From Chromophore • Mechanical/Morphological(?) Properties: From Polymer • Our Proposal: • Asymmetric Water Soluble Diimides • Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Composites - as Thin Films • Optoelectronic Properties: From Perylene Diimides • Mechanical Properties: From Polymer + Surfactant • Solution Processible - Casting from AQUEOUS Solutions! • Self-Assembled Lamellar Phases - “Self Healing”

  14. Compounds Synthesized - KSU C12-PDI+ C11O-PDI+ PDI2+ Increased Solubility Credits: Sarah Barron, Amy Twite, Jeff Hall, Duy Hua

  15. C12-PDI+/PA- Thin Film Structure - SAXS More Complex Structure Present? Polymorph? Angstrom Scale Disorder Bilayer Spacing: 3.9 nm Xie, Liu, Hall, Barron and Higgins, Langmuir, 2005, 21, 4149.

  16. metal C12-PDI+/PA- I or V TPD ITO Glass C12-PDI+/PA- Devices p-n Heterojunction Devices 0.6 W/cm2 at 488 nm Present Characteristics: < 200 mV Photovoltage Nanoamp Photocurrents Long Rise/Decay Due to: High Series Resistance

  17. Two Photon Excitation of PDI MP Fluorescence - PDI Films Low Loading (≈ 2% C12-PDI+ in PA-) 300 µW Incident Broad Emission Spectra Monomer and CT Exciton Emission Heterogeneous

  18. Polarization Dependent MP Excitation • Nanometer Scale Organization • C12-PDI+/PA- Composites Ordered? • Order Parameter: • Measure 0.09 • 1.0 = Perfect Order • 0.0 = Random Organization Xie, Liu, Hall, Barron and Higgins, Langmuir, 2005, 21, 4149.

  19. Fiber Axis MP Polarization Dependence Stoichiometric PDI2+/PA- Ordered Fibers And Polarized Excitation

  20. Summary and Future DirectionsNew Organic Photovoltaics • Today: • Silicon, Others: Crystalline, Amorphous, Films Viable • Costs Still High • Materials Costs Reductions Possible with Organics • At KSU: • Perylene Diimide Polyelectolyte Composites • Prepared from Aqueous Solutions • Future: • Energy Storage an Issue • Improvements in Thin Film Characteristics • Development of Simple Coating Procedures • Increased Emphasis Needed at National Level

  21. PDI2+/PA- Fluorescence Stoichiometric Complex No PA-

  22. Emission Frenkel Exciton CT Exciton Excitation CT Exciton PE 1.9 PE 0 C12-PDI+/PA- and PDI2+/PA- Aggregation In Water PE/C12-PDI+ 0 1.5 1.1 PE/PDI2+ 0 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.7 4.7 CT Exciton: Weak Emission (f < 0.01) Xie, Liu, Hall, Barron and Higgins, Langmuir, 2005, 21, 4149.

  23. Multiphoton Microscopy Sample-Scanning Confocal Microscope Sample Scanning Stage • High Resolution • Imaging Objective • Low Background From Ti:Sapphire Laser • Depth Discrimination 810 nm 80 MHz 170 fsec APD/PMT

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