The Ankle and Foot

1. The Ankle and Foot

2. Ankle Joint • Ankle (talocrural joint): hinge joint • The articulation of the talus and the malleoli of the tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral)

3. Ligaments • Medial side of the ankle is protected by 5 strong ligamentous bands • Deltoid ligament: medial malleous (tibia) to the posterior tarsal bones • Calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, and the posterior talotibial ligaments • Plantar calcaneoavicular – provides a horizontal connection between the navicular bone and the sustentaculumtali projection on the medial aspect of the calcaneus – AKA – spring ligament

4. Ligaments • Lateral side of the ankle is reinforced by three ligaments collectively called the lateral collateral ligament. • Connect the lateral malleolus with the upper lateral aspect of the calcaneus and with the anterior and posterior portions of the talus. • Calcaneofibular, anterior and posterior taloribular ligaments. • The lateral ligaments are weaker than the medial ligaments – the anterior talofibular ligament is the weakest of all.

7. Structure of the Foot • Elastic arched structure – Its strength and elasticity are due to the ligaments that bind it together. • Lateral longitudinal arch - nearly flat structure – helps with support • Medial longitudinal arch – curving arch – has great flexibility – serves as a shock absorber • Transverse arch – side to side across the foot – only an arch in non-weight bearing situations

8. Structure of Foot 26 Bones

10. Joints of the Foot Subtalar joint – talocalcaneal (talus to calcaneus) – five ligaments Midtarsal joint – Two articulations – calcaneocuboid joint (lateral) and the talonavicular (medial) Tarsometatarsal joints – connect tarsals and metatarsals Intermetatarsal joints – Metatarsophalangeal joints – Interphalangeal joints -

12. Movements Of the Foot, Ankle, Tarsal, and Toe Joints • Ankle – Dorsiflexion (flexion) and Plantar flexion (extension)

13. Movements Of the Foot, Ankle, Tarsal, and Toe Joints • Tarsal joints – Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Inversion and Adduction (supination), and Eversion and Abduction (pronation)

14. Movements Of the Foot, Ankle, Tarsal, and Toe Joints • Tarsometatarsaland Intermetatarsal joints – Slight gliding motion • Metatarsophalangeal joints – Flexion, Extension, and limited abduction and adduction • Interphalangeal joints – Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension(mainly the big toe)

15. Extrinsic Muscles of the Ankle and Foot • Anterior aspect of the leg • Tibialis anterior • Extensor digitoriumlongus • Extensor hallucislongus • Peroneustertius

16. Extrinsic Muscles of the Ankle and Foot • Lateral aspect of the leg • Peroneuslongus • Peroneusbrevis

17. Extrinsic Muscles of the Ankle and Foot • Posterior aspect of the leg • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Tibialis posterior • Flexor digitoriumlongus • Flexor hallucislongus

19. Intrinsic Muscles of theAnkle and Foot • Extensor digitoriumbrevis (dorsal side of the foot) • Flexor digitoriumbrevis • Quadratusplantae • Lumbricales • Abductor hallucis • Flexor hallucisbrevis • Adductor hallicus • Abductor digitiminimi • Flexor digitiminimibrevis • Dorsal interossei • Plantar interossei