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Understanding the Female Reproductive System and Menstrual Cycle

Explore the intricacies of the female reproductive system, from the role of ovaries in egg production to the phases of the menstrual cycle. Learn about ovulation, fertilization, twin types, and the impact of hormones like estrogen.

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Understanding the Female Reproductive System and Menstrual Cycle

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  1. Human Reproductive System Continued…

  2. Female Anatomy

  3. Uterus (AKA: womb): • protects zygote/developing embryo Ovaries: • Inside; found on each side of uterus • Produces Estrogen • develop female sexual characteristics • develop eggs • prepare uterus for pregnancy FSH LH Female Reproductive System Estrogen Estrogen

  4. oocyte Review: Oogenesis Meiosis 1 • Defined: Production of the egg cell (ovum) • In female ovaries • During meiosis I:Cytoplasm distributed unequally • After meiosis II: • 1 cell matures • 3 “Polar Bodies” dissolve • Each egg has 23 chromosomes each Meiosis 2 Oogenesis *Meiosis II isn’t complete until fertilization occurs!

  5. What happens to the egg? • Eggs are “housed” in follicles • Egg matures • Follicle ruptures, egg is released • OVULATION • 3. Egg travels  fallopian tube  uterus • 5-7 days • Sperm fertilizes egg here • 4. Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum • Releases hormones for zygote if egg is fertilized • Controlled by hormones • Estrogen, Progesterone, LH, FSH • Many others Fallopian tube Uterus Ovary

  6. Ovulation

  7. Fertilized vs. Unfertilized If fertilized: • Zygote begins to divide as it travels to uterus • Implants into uterus • Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization • Identical twins = same egg • Fraternal twins = 2 separate eggs If unfertilized: • Egg leaves uterus • menstruation

  8. Menstrual Cycle • Average = 28 days • three phases: • flow phase: • 1st 5-7 days of cycle • “tear down” • Endometrium (lining of the uterus) sheds

  9. Menstrual Cycle 2. follicular phase: • “rebuild” • ovulation occurs (~ day 14) • Temperature spikes a little • Most fertile next few days! • Able to get pregnant!

  10. Menstrual Cycle 3. luteal phase: • Extra blood/nutrients for potential new baby • Corpus luteum forms • Releases hormones if egg is fertilized

  11. Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle stops at menopause. • Age = mid 40’s- 50’s • decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular • eventually, cycle stops altogether

  12. Review • Which hormone is primarily responsible for developing eggs? • Which cellular process produces eggs? • How many chromosomes are found in each egg? • Explain the function of the following parts : ovary, fallopian tube, uterus. • Summarize the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle. What is the main function in each phase? • Define ovulation. In which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur? • What does estrogen do? In what ways are the effects of testosterone on males and estrogen on females similar? • Describe how an egg is fertilized. • Explain the difference between identical and fraternal twins. • If twins are born, and one’s a girl and the other is a boy, are they identical or fraternal? Explain.

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