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Global Health

Global Health. Introduction. Why Global Health. Global Health is not a discipline; but rather a collection of problem First the problems must be identified Identify significant barriers to improve the health of people who do not have access to modern medicine

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Global Health

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  1. Global Health Introduction

  2. Why Global Health • Global Health is not a discipline; but rather a collection of problem • First the problems must be identified • Identify significant barriers to improve the health of people who do not have access to modern medicine • Implement interventions to improve health care and health delivery

  3. History • Concern about health across national boundaries dates back many centuries, predating the Black Plague and other pandemics • Before the advent of germ theory, when epidemic disease began to be understood to be the result of microbes rather than of "miasmas" or the wrath of a divine being, the chief social responses to such epidemics often included accusations that this or that human group was responsible for propagating the affliction in question.

  4. Historians trace modern public health and epidemiology to the day in 1851 when Dr. John Snow, having discerned the link between cholera outbreaks in London and water sources used by the afflicted populace, removed the handle of the Broad Street water pump.

  5. A proper understanding of etiology was necessary to the birth not only of epidemiology but also of efforts to apply public health measures • Without agreement upon etiology and case definitions, there could be no sound metrics upon which to base either assessments of disease burden or effective interventions

  6. The birth and growth of microbiology occur towards the end of the nineteenth century • Development of some of the first effective vaccine occurred at the same time • Measures to promote sanitation thus became the basis of the modern public health systems

  7. Prior to the development of antibiotics, international health endeavors consisted of: Transnational applications of lessons learned from either local or regional campaigns • Pan American Sanitary Bureau formed by 11 countries (1902) was the first organization founded to deal with transnational issues • Later became Pan American Health Organization( PAHO)

  8. In the early heyday of vaccine development, no global institutions tackled the health problems of the world's poor • Colonial power addressed the infectious killers in the region now known as developing world • Universal/international standard were still far in the future

  9. The world health organization (WHO) became the first global health institution (1948) • Since the formation of the WHO there has been a dramatic shift in population health in terms of decline in diseases • Since establishment of the WHO they have succeed in the eradication of smallpox.

  10. Eradication was made possible because: • There was an international consensus for success • An effective vaccine • lack of non human reservoirs- reduce spread The primary obstacle was the lack of effective delivery mechanisms for the vaccine in settings of poverty, where health personnel were scarce and health systems weak

  11. Global consensus regarding the right to primary health care for all was reached at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata (in what is now Kazakhstan) in 1978 • Basic-science research that might lead to effective vaccines and therapies for TB and malaria faltered in the latter decades of the twentieth century after these diseases were brought under control

  12. In the late 1960 U.S. Surgeon General William H. Stewart declared that it was time to "close the book on infectious diseases," and attention was turned to the main health problems of countries

  13. Attention was turned to the main health problems of countries and the focus shifted from premature deaths due to infectious diseases toward deaths from complications of chronic non-communicable diseases, including malignancies and complications of heart disease.

  14. Global Health Issues • Infant/ChildHood Health • Health Care System • Infectious disease- Tuberculosis, malaria, SARS- severe acute respiratory syndrome • HIV/AIDS • Non communicable diseases- Diabetes , Hypertension, Cardiovascular disease , Cancers

  15. Global Health institutions • World Health Organization- leader • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) • United Nation Development fund • United Nation Children Fund (UNICEF) • League of Nations • Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria

  16. Joint United Nations Programs on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation • U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PERFAR) • Global Health Council

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