LAUNCHING THE NATION (1789–1800)

1. Chapter 9 LAUNCHING THE NATION(1789–1800) Section 1: Laying the Foundations of Government Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances Section 3: Troubles Abroad Section 4: The Gold Rush Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency

2. Section 1: Laying the Foundations of Government OBJECTIVES • Why did Americans elect George Washington as their first president? • What did Americans expect of the new government? • What steps did Congress and the president take to organize the new government?

3. Section 1: Laying the Foundations of Government George Washington • George Washington was elected president because of his character, honesty, and patriotism. • In addition, people felt he would be a good role model.

4. Section 1: Laying the Foundations of Government American Expectations of the New Government The Americans expected their government to: • protect liberty • provide a stable economy, • establish fair tax and trade laws • grant them the right to settle western land

5. Section 1: Laying the Foundations of Government Steps Taken to Organize the New Government • Planning the executive branch and creating the president’s cabinet • Organizing the judicial branch (Judiciary Act of 1789)

6. Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances OBJECTIVES • What challenge did Alexander Hamilton face as secretary of the treasury, and what issues did his plans raise? • What issues did Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagree on, and what were their views? • What questions were raised when the Bank of the United States was founded, and what different views did Hamilton and Jefferson have concerning the Bank?

7. Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton faced the following challenges and issue: • Challenges • paying off the national debt • putting the country on a solid financial footing • Issue: value of government bonds

8. Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances Disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson • Paying Off Foreign Debt • Hamilton – wanted to pay debt immediately and repay full value of bonds • Jefferson – thought Hamilton’s idea cheated the original bondholders • Power of the Central Government • Hamilton – believed in a strong central government • Jefferson – wanted to protect powers of the state

9. Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances (continued) Disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson • Economic Growth • Hamilton – favored new forms of economic growth, promoted Manufacturing, business and protective tariffs • Jefferson – promoted farming and low tariffs

10. Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances Concern about Establishing a National Bank The idea of establishing a national bank caused concern because it was not believed that the U.S. Constitution gave Congress this power.

11. Section 3: Troubles Abroad OBJECTIVES • How did Americans and President Washington respond to events in France? • What policy did Washington follow toward foreign nations? • How did the United States settle its differences with Great Britain and Spain?

12. Section 3: Troubles Abroad Neutrality Proclamation • Americans had mixed reactions to the French Revolution which led President Washington to issue the Neutrality Proclamation. • Washington believed that neutrality with countries at war in Europe was the safest plan. Neutrality Proclamation (1793) – statement made by Washington that the U.S. would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution

13. Section 3: Troubles Abroad Differences with the United States and Great Britain and Spain were settle by: • Jay’s Treaty (1794) – agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the U.S. over the western frontier trade in the Caribbean, British seizure of U.S. trips, and debts owed to British merchants.

14. Section 3: Troubles Abroad (continued) Differences with the United States and Great Britain and Spain were settle by: • Pickney’s Treaty (1795) – agreement between the U.S. and Spain that changed Florida’s border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans.

15. Section 4: The Gold Rush OBJECTIVES • What domestic problems did the United States face? • What advice did Washington give the nation in his Farewell Address?

16. Section 4: The Gold Rush Domestic Problems in the United States • Indian Wars • Whiskey Rebellion

17. Section 4: The Gold Rush In Washington’s Farwell Address he urged the nation to: • work out its differences • protect its independence

18. Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency OBJECTIVES • How did political parties form, and what role did they play in the 1796 presidential election? • What problems with foreign nations did John Adams face during his presidency? • What were the Alien and Sedition Acts, and how did Republicans respond to them? • What were the main issues in the election of 1800, and what were some of its outcomes?

19. Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency Political Parties Political parties began to form during Washington’s presidency and influenced voters in the presidential election of 1796.

20. Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency Problems with Foreign Nations Adams faced a war with France but the war was halted with a treaty in 1800.

21. Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) • Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) – laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government for treasonous ideas, actions, and people; used against members of the Democratic-Republican party • The Republicans responded with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

22. Section 5: John Adams’s Presidency Election of 1800 • Issues • legality of the Alien and Sedition Acts • permanent army • higher taxes • foreign relations between the U.S. and France • Outcomes • Republican tie between Jefferson and Burr • Twelfth Amendment – 1803 • weakened Federalists