Energy Resources

1. Energy Resources By Dr. Swati Dixit

2. Energy Resources : A natural resource that can be converted by humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work!

3. Evaluating Energy Resources • About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources. • Energy resources are classified as: • NONRENEWABLE • RENEWABLE

4. Non Renewable Energy • These are energy resources that cannot be replaced after they have been used or need thousands to millions of years to be replaced.

5. Coal, Petroleum, And Natural Gas • Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

6. How Are Oil And Gas Made ???

7. How Is Coal Made ???

8. Coal facts…. • Was formed 255-350 million years ago • 4 types of coal –Anthracite ,Bituminous ,Lignite ,Peat • India has high coal deposits in Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli, Godavari Valley, Chandrapur. • Coal Is in abundance But Dirty Fuel • Used in electricity production • World’s most abundant fossil fuel • U.S. reserves should last about 250 years • Sulfur and particulate pollutants ,Mercury and radioactive pollutants

9. Heat produced by burning pulverized coal in a furnace boils water to produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. • The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. • Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. • The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day

10. Petroleum or Crude Oil • Also called light oil • Trapped underground or under ocean with natural gas • Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial energy in world and U.S. • Proven oil reserves • Can be extracted profitably at today’s prices with modern technology • It’s a mixture of hydrocarbons needs to be purified and refined before use

12. Natural gas • Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-burning Fossil Fuel • Compressed natural gas • Synthetic natural gas • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • Less carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy than with crude oil, tar sand, shale oil • World supply of conventional natural gas – 62-125 years

13. Nuclear Energy • Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. • Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

14. NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION

15. Facts • Tremendous potential • Disaster if leakage happens • Energy potential high but not highly exploited in India • 4 plants currently: Capacity 2005 MW • Tarapur • Kota • Kalpakkam • Narora

16. Renewable Energy • Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. • Solar • Geothermal • Wind • Biomass • Hydro-power • Tidal energy

17. Solar Energy • Sustainability mostly depends on solar energyDirect form: from the sun • Nuclear fusion reactions occur inside the sun and release tremendous energy • 1.4 kilojoules second/m2

18. Solar devices • Solar heat collectors • Solar cells • Solar cooker • Solar water heater • Solar furnace and Solar power plants

19. Using Solar Energy to Heat Buildings and Water • Passive solar heating system • Active solar heating system

23. Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells can provide electricity for a house or building using solar cell roof shingles, as shown in this house in Richmond Surrey, England. Solar-cell roof systems that look like a metal roof are also available. In addition, new thin-film solar cells can be applied to windows and outside walls.

26. Wind Energy • Freely available source of energy • Minimum wind speed required 15 km/hr • World’s second fastest-growing source of energy • India´s Potential is 20,000 MW • Vast potential • Land • Offshore

30. Hydro Power: Producing Electricity from Flowing Water

32. Facts.. • Hydropower • Leading renewable energy source • Much unused capacity • Dams and reservoirs • Turbines generate electricity • Eventually fill with silt • Micro-hydro generators • Potential of India : 4 X 10 11KW-hours

34. Geothermal Energy • Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat • Geothermal heat pumps • Hydrothermal reservoirs • Steam • Hot water • Deep geothermal energy • New Zealand, U.S.A have successful working plants

37. Tidal Energy • Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. • Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. • Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.

38. Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary.

39. Ocean Thermal Energy

40. Biomass Energy • Biomass • Wood • Agricultural waste • Plantations • Charcoal • Animal manure • Common in developing countries • Carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere

41. Converting Plant Matter to Liquid Biofuel • Biofuels • Ethanol and biodiesel • Crops can be grown in most countries • Sustainability

42. Liquid fuel from Corn

44. Biogas • Mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen etc • Produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste in presence of water • Non polluting, clean and low cost fuel • Two types of biogas plants • Floating dome type • Fixed dome type

45. Process

46. Types of Biogas Plant

47. Installed float type

48. Hydrogen as Fuel • Hydrogen is environmentally friendly • Thermal dissociation, photolysis or electrolysis of water • Problems • Net energy yield is negative • Fuel is expensive • Air pollution depends on production method • Storage