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Geography Unit Two Revision

Geography Unit Two Revision. Edexcel Geography B. Geography Unit 2 Revision. Topic 9: Population Dynamics. Global Population Trends and comparisons. Global population of under a billion in 1750: Almost 7 billion by 2011 Global growth rate peak in 1980s (80 million each year)

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Geography Unit Two Revision

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  1. Geography Unit Two Revision Edexcel Geography B

  2. Geography Unit 2 Revision Topic 9:Population Dynamics

  3. Global Population Trends and comparisons • Global population of under a billion in 1750: Almost 7 billion by 2011 • Global growth rate peak in 1980s (80 million each year) • Prediction: By 2040s average increase in Global Population will be down to 30 million per year • Predictions can be very erroneous at times, remember the population is still set to increase DEMOGRAPHY!

  4. Global Population Trends and comparisons • Fertility Rates are still high in many African countries, due to poor life expectancy from poor health and HIV/AIDS • Many eastern Europe countries have a fertility rate below two. Rising health problems and ageing populations bring about high death rates • There are several reasons why countries differ: DEMOGRAPHY!

  5. Global Population Trends and comparisons

  6. Why population changes • Know Birth and Death rates are per 1000 of the population per year, as it is for infant mortality • Birth Rate – Death Rate = Natural Increase • Remember Life expectancy and Fertility rate, that being the average number of children each women has in their lifetime. A rate of 2 is the replenishing rate

  7. Migration Policies • Recall what over population, underpopulation and a sustainable population are • Guest worker, e-border schemes and Open-door policies are used as migration policies • The most common policies are Quotas and Skills tests

  8. Pro-natal vs. Anti-natal Natal: Large population

  9. Case Study: Nigeria • Nigeria’s population structure has remained virtually the same since 1975, with 75% of the population under the age of 30 • It gets wealth from oil but has a poor population from high costs of feeding and educating the population • The fertility rate is high as 42% of women have never been to school: low social status, high fertility rate

  10. Case Study: Japan and Population Structures • Countries can become ageing populations rapidly if birth rates fall. This can be a problem as health care and pension prices get higher and the amount of workers gets lower • Traditions in Japan such as the Fiery Horse every 60 years, last in 1966, can decrease birth rates • Japan’s Birth rate is currently falling because of economic uncertainty and the rising cost of having children

  11. Case Study: the UK • The UK imports and exports a lot to ensure it has enough resources • Some groups believe the UK should have a population of 30 million, other groups believe the UK is underpopulated • The UK Government decides policies on migration, but public opinion is always divided • The Government may also want to control where people live

  12. Case Study: the UK • 75% of people in the UK do not like immigration, approximately 75% are happy to allow skilled workers in • International agreements mean that the UK allows EU member states such as Spain in without special paperwork • 40% of UK migrants come from the EU, 40% from the Commonwealth • 40% of migrants have a job waiting for them, 40% of migrants come for education, 10% come with no pre-arranged jobs

  13. Case Study: China • In the 1950s and 1960s had a rapid population growth, which was encouraged by the government of that time • A new government decided China’s population was too big: the one child policy of 1979 being a good example • Voluntary programs and land reform in the 1970s led to a sharp decline in birth rate

  14. Case Study: Singapore • Singapore used to be anti-natal, but not as strict as China: the fertility rate fell from 3 in 1970 to 1.6 in 1985 • Singapore is now pro-natal, with benefits given to families with three kids or more • This has had a limited impact with the drive being just to get couples together • The Government now supports speed-dating events!

  15. Geography Unit 2 Revision Topic 10:CONSUMING RESOURCES

  16. Resource Types CLASSIFIYING THEM: • Natural Resources (from environment) • Human Resources (population skills0 • Material/capital resources ( current goods) TYPING THEM: • Non Renewable cannot be remade, supply<demand etc. • Renewable can be ‘remade’, will no run out • Sustainable are deliberately renewed so that they will last long into the future

  17. Population and resources • The value of resources varies over time • The world of haves and have nots: consider the 61% of diamonds in Africa • Richest countries are N.A., Japan and UK (in order); the poorest countries are South Africa/America (in order). MEDCs have a larger ecological footprint.

  18. Oil and food • Oil is running out; alternative energy such as solar and biofuels are being trialled • The USAs oil consummation pattern has increased, now with 87 carts per 100 people. • 77% of fish stocks overfished • Meat production tripled since 1961 • World cereal production doubled since 1970 • Majority of deforestation now done for agriculture

  19. The Theories/Global Patterns • Malthus’ theory states that as the population grew exponentially and resources grew arithmetically, when there were no longer enough resources wars and famine would occur. • Böserup believed that as the population grew the human’s knack of inventing would ensure that there were sufficient resources when time got hard.

  20. Sustainability • Reuse Reduce Recycle, Rethink Repair Refuse! • We drink (in Britain) more than 2bln litres of bottled water each year. Much oil is used to produce the wrappings. Stop it! • Reduce your ecological footprint, we have been in ‘ecological debt’ since 1987 (Global footprint network) • WWF’s sustainability plan: half CO2 emissions and fish stocks by 2080.

  21. Geography Unit 2 Revision Topic 11:Living Spaces

  22. What is a living space? • A living space is an area somebody chooses to call ‘home’ • People have different views on what makes a good living space • People want several things from a living space such as low crime, affordable housing, jobs and good health care. • We generally look at our homes through ‘rose-tinted glass’, but more people in a living space mean more demands=more unsatisfied people

  23. Quality of Living Spaces • Natural and human processes affect the quality of living spaces • Natural: landscape etc. eg. Mountains • Human: our actions eg. Governmental act • We all rate an area’s quality dependant on what we want from it • Factors include: age, mobility, cultural background, knowledge, economic status

  24. Urban vs. Rural Popular areas will be put under pressure from lack of services/jobs, a population increase and possibilities of better jobs elsewhere

  25. Making choices about where you should live • As noted before, this will depend on what you need – an adult is most likely to go to a place because of job prospects, whereas a teenager wants very good social opportunities! • OAPs more frequently go abroad to ‘catch the sun’ and get a gentle few years with like-minded pensioners (eg. Spain). House prices are lower, and the infrastructure is generally very good. The EU problems may change this.

  26. Pressures on developed countries’ rural living spaces • Rural living spaces don’t have a good transport infrastructure, but have other things that are desirable (eg open space) • A lot of stress is being put on the South of the UK due to migration • Pressures from population growth, Greenfield lost due to economic growth, individual sites are being selected for growth, based on areas of natural beauty near the site, physical limitations, potential impacts and land availability. • Eg. North Wiltshire’s use of Brownfield land

  27. The Demand for urban living spaces • In Camden, there is a high percentage of 25-39 year olds: people come to urban living spaces for jobs. • Rural populations in china are going down so fast that by 2017 it is expected China will be an Urban Society • City migrants come for job/social opportunities and due to mechanisation of rural areas

  28. Sustainable living spaces • Singapore: pollution minimisation, many CBDs for less travel, ‘heavy’ industry on another island, very effective transport infrastructure (accounts for 2/3 of journeys), congestion charges, best waste/water recycling on a global scale • Barcelona’s Bicing stations, with 50,000 trips per day (Spain) • Cuba’s 26,600 gardens since 1995 • Iceland's geothermal energy, less dependency on fossil fuels (0.1 %) means it is richer now

  29. The future of sustainable living spaces • Masdar, UAE, with solar panel roofs (shelter and energy), wind towers (for natural cooling), city wall (to keep warm air/dust out), fountains (for damp air), public transport no more than 200m away, shaded pedestrian areas. • We need to stop taking from other places (eg. Las Vegas) • Reducing emissions and rubbish is at the heart of sustainable planning for the future.

  30. Geography Unit 2 Revision Topic 12:Making a Living

  31. Types of employment

  32. The Clark-Fisher Model Note that this is a model (eg. Iceland high primary sector but highly developed country)

  33. De-industrialisation and employment change

  34. Brownfield site regeneration • Example: 2012 Olympic park regenerated, with promised low-price homes appearing to be happening • Brownfield sites need urban regeneration • Many post-industrialising countries have brownfield sites • Consider sustainability

  35. The Green Economy Note how green consumerism – the power of the purse – has put farmer’s markets back in towns

  36. Case Study: Mexico • The manufacturing industry, from places such as the USA, has moved to Mexico for cheaper costs, this brings jobs that may disappear in the future • Agriculture stays important but now mainly done in large estates growing crops that are exported, agribusiness dominate agriculture, with 85% of the economy in a few Mexican families

  37. Case Study: Mexico’s informal economy • Not enough formal jobs • Large numbers of new immigrants • Need to survive • Lack of regulations • 30% of all jobs, not much stability

  38. Case Study: Mexico City’s growth • Air pollution from factories, power stations, 10 million + vehicles in Mexico City, domestic heating • Mountains trap air pollution, thin oxygen as it is above 2,000m above sea level • Bad pollution controls, only 10/11 tonnes rubbish collected each day, bad water quality • Agribusinesses cost $36 billion per year in pollution, causing deforestation of forest at 0.9% each year, with many endangered species and its mangrove area at threat

  39. Case Study: China • Newly Industrialising Country • Used to be poor/in early development stage • In the past 10 years it has become a major manufacturing centre • Major growth since 2000 • Major exports Japan, the USA and the UK • It is very reliant on the secondary sector • Growing tertiary sector • Farming still important • Primary: 43%, Secondary 25% and Tertiary and Quaternary: 32%

  40. Case Study: Bangladesh • Developing Country • Lots of farmers and people in primary employment • Lots of floods in Bangladesh • More people in industry • It will not improve without a lot of money • Primary 63%, Secondary 11% and Tertiary and Quaternary 26%

  41. Case Study: the UK • Prince of Wales warning the countryside could become abandoned, set up the Prince’s Countryside Fund • UK pioneer country as first to industrialise, mining important until early 20th century with 1 million miners in 1911 • Farming still dominates the landscape but has few employees, it is in decline • Rural diversification occurring as amount of agriculture declines, yet telecommunicating keeps people in Scotland in the countryside Loss of subsidence economies where villages, now in decline globally, were self dependant with a local market

  42. Case Study: America • More Economically Developed Country • Unbalanced economy • De-industrialising in places such as Detroit: abandoned factories, toxic waste, wildlife damage from said waste, greening of the city, urban farms and water and air quality improving with fish returning to the river after 100 years of near lifelessness • Loads of services • Primary 3%, Secondary 23% and Tertiary and Quaternary 75%

  43. Case Study: America’s feedlots • Feedlots: places where livestock is kept in crowded conditions • 10 people = 1 cow in terms of grain • 3500 litres oil for each corn hectare • 1kg beef = 20,000-40,000 litres of water • Up to 100,000 animals together • Crowded, stinking, bad hygiene, filthy • 1 human = 130 livestock in waste terms • Waste threatens fish and 65% of California’s population in terms of water • 20,000km^2 of the Gulf of Mexico ‘dead zone’ from the waste

  44. Geography Unit 2 Revision Topic 13:Changing Cities

  45. Eco-footprints • Eco-footprints vary from place to place, and are generally measured per capita – that is to say, per person. Can be measured in gha – global hectares per person • Cities are bound to have a very high eco-footprint overall; they cannot support themselves • For example, London’s eco footprint is over 34 million hectares

  46. Eco-footprints • Poor society = low eco-footprint • Low-density cities like Los Angeles have high eco-footprints as they use a lot of fuel just to get around • Economic recessions reduce eco-footprints • Major factors are as follows: food, shelter, services and goods, mobility

  47. Comparison of Cities • Cities are ‘centres of wealth creation’, there can be a divide between rich and poor as the developed exploit the developing • Note industrialisation from topic 12 • Many countries have recently industrialised, such as India and China • The UK has de-industrialised • Importing stuff increases eco-footprints, note waste exporting, for example of China-UK’s computers

  48. Case Study: London 7.5 million people in London in a year: • 150,000 gWh energy, i.e. 13 million tonnes of oil • 50 million tonnes of materials • 7 million tonnes of food • 900 billion litres of water • Travel distance of 64 billion km, 70% via cars • 26 million tonnes rubbish, 3.5 from households, rest from industry and construction purposes

  49. Case Study: York • 3 Main Challenges: energy – an area nine times York’s size must be planted in CO2 from York is to be absorbed, 80,000 tonnes of waste from 2006, high car usage • 5 council tips: turn thermostats down, use the shower, use 40C washing machines, wait for dishwasher full loads, do not leave appliances on standby

  50. Case Study: York • 3 ways it reduces its waste: recycling, with shops and businesses asked to sort waste, different bins; offices asked to cut back on paper usage; future encouragement to buy fewer pre-packaged goods • 3 ways York is reducing its transport: converting cars to Liquid Propane Gas; using hybrid cars; it should develop public transport systems more

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