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2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1:The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Lesson 2:Pressure and the Body Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

3. 10.1ThePulmonary-CirculatorySystem pulmonary system breathing lungs pneumonia suffocation asthma circulatory system atrium ventricle artery capillary vein heart attack stroke heart

4. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System The Pulmonary System • Our pulmonary system contains tissues and organs specialized for: • Taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from out bodies • Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

5. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Breathing • Breathing is the process of air entering and exiting our lungs.

6. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Breathing (cont.) • The trachea forks into two branches called bronchi. • The bronchi are connected to the lungs—the organs of the pulmonary system.

7. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Breathing (cont.) • The bronchi divide into bronchioles, which are further divided many times into alveoli. • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the alveoli. • The air that now is high in carbon dioxide is exhaled and flows out in the reverse path.

8. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Problems in the Pulmonary System • We cannot live without air. • Cells combine food and oxygen to produce energy. • Problems in the pulmonary system prevent oxygen from reaching the lungs.

9. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Pneumonia • Caused by contact with mucus from an infected person or the introduction of bacteria or viruses from the mouth and throat into the lungs • One of the leading causes of death in the U.S.

10. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Suffocation • Suffocation occurs when the lungs and body do not receive enough oxygen. • Causes of: • Choking • Children with blankets or plastic bags covering their faces • Gases such as carbon monoxide

11. Normal bronchiole Constricted bronchiole 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Asthma • A disease of the airways to the lungs • Most common long-term disease in children • Triggers include air pollution, smog, and ozone

12. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System The Circulatory System • Oxygen, food, other nutrients, and waste products are transported to and from cells by blood. • The circulatory system contains the heart and blood vessels, and transports blood throughout the body. Circulatory System

13. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Blood • Blood is a tissue that contains many different substances, including cells. • Blood is 55% plasma. • Plasma is 90% water. • The remaining 10% is ions, proteins, and other substances.

14. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Blood (cont.)

15. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Heart • The heart is the organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood. • The atria(singular, atrium) are the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood. • The ventricles are the two lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

16. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Heart (cont.) • Deoxygenated blood travels from the right atrium to the right ventricle, the lungs, the left atrium, the left ventricle, and to the body.

17. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Heart (cont.)

18. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Blood Vessels • Blood travels to and from the heart in vessels. • Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart to organs of the body. • Arteries branch into smaller vessels called capillaries, which deliver oxygen and nutrients to the organs.

19. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Blood Vessels (cont.) • The capillaries transport carbon dioxide and wastes, then join with larger vessels that carry the blood on its return path. • These vessels connect to larger vessels called veins that carry blood to the heart.

20. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Blood Vessels (cont.) • All blood vessels have the same structure. • Inner lining: thin, flat layer of cells where the blood and the vessel wall meet • Next layer: connective tissue followed by a layer of smooth muscle • Final layer: connective tissue that contains nerves and supplies the larger vessels with nutrients

21. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Problems in Circulatory System • Circulatory system problems prevent oxygen from reaching cells and can lead to health problems and death. • Cardiovascular disease are the diseases of the heart and blood vessels. • Cardiovascular disease causes more than half the deaths in the U.S.

22. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Problems in Circulatory System (cont.) • Risk factors include: • being overweight • a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol • smoking • high blood sugar • physical inactivity • consuming too much alcohol

23. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Heart Attack • A heart attack occurs if the coronary arteries cannot supply enough blood to the heart.

24. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Stroke • A stroke is the death of brain tissue.

25. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Exchanges Between the Pulmonary and Circulatory Systems • The air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries must be able to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide freely.

26. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Gas Exchange • Perhaps the most important exchange between the pulmonary and circulatory systems is gas exchange in the lungs. • No energy is required—the gases move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

27. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Exchange in the Lungs • Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. • When the level of carbon dioxide in your lungs becomes great enough, you exhale without thinking.

28. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Exchange in the Lungs (cont.) • Respiration and breathing are not the same. • Respiration uses oxygen and food to produce energy. • Breathing is the physical process of inhalation and exhalation.

29. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Preventing Problems in the Pulmonary and Circulatory Systems • Family history, or genetics, partially determines your risk. • However, a healthy lifestyle is the best way to prevent cardiopulmonary problems.

30. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Lesson 1 Review What two branches does the trachea fork into? A lungs B brachia C bronchi D bronchioles

31. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Lesson 1 Review What is the term for the iron-containing proteins in red blood cells? A platelets B plasma C hemoglobin D ions

32. 10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System Lesson 1 Review What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart to organs of the body? A arteries B capillaries C veins D ventricles

33. End of Lesson 1

34. 10.2 Pressure and the Body pressure hypertension shock

35. Deflated tire with very low pressure Inflated tire with full pressure 10.1 Pressure and the Body What is pressure? • Pressure is the amount of force per unit area. • Many different units are used to measure pressure—mmHg, psi, Pa.

36. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Changing Pressure • Pressure increases as you increase the amount of force applied to a constant area. • Pressure increases as you decrease the size of the area to which a constant force is applied. • The equation for finding pressure is:

37. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Pressure in the Pulmonary System • When you inhale, air is pulled into your lungs, not pushed. • The volume of the lungs is expanded, and the pressure in the alveoli decreases.

38. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Pressure in the Pulmonary System

39. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Pressure in the Circulatory System • Without pressure, blood vessels would not be able to transport blood to all tissues. • The heart is a muscle that contracts. • When the heart contracts, the volume inside the chamber decreases. • Blood is forced out of the chamber and the chamber gets smaller.

40. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Pumping in One Direction • It is important for blood to move in one direction as the heart pumps. • The contractions of the heart muscles create areas of greater and lesser pressure, pumping blood through the heart.

41. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Pumping in One Direction (cont.) • Continuous surges keep the blood moving through the arteries.

42. Stress Inactivity Normal Atherosclerosis 10.1 Pressure and the Body Problems with Blood Pressure • Hypertension is a dangerous rise in blood pressure caused by blockages in or the hardening of blood vessels. • Hypertension is a disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. What factors affect the likelihood of hypertension?

43. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Problems with Blood Pressure (cont.) • Shock is a condition in which a large amount of blood is lost, usually in a short period of time. • Under some circumstances such as internal bleeding, blood leaves the vessels and blood pressure decreases. • The heart is not able to pump blood to all tissues without pressure.

44. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Lesson 2 Review How is blood pressure measured? Amillimeters of mercury Bpounds per square inch Cgrams per square millimeter Dpascal

45. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Lesson 2 Review When is air pulled into the lungs? Awhen pressure in the alveoli increases Bwhen the pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure Cwhen the chest cavity contracts Dwhen the diaphragm moves upward

46. 10.1 Pressure and the Body Lesson 2 Review Which of the following does not contribute to hypertension? A genetics B a diet high in cholesterol C lack of exercise Da diet low in salt

47. End of Lesson 2

48. Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

49. Chapter Assessment 1 What is the term for the muscle below your rib cage which contacts and relaxes as you breathe? A pharynx B larynx C trachea D diaphragm

50. Chapter Assessment 2 What term describes fragments of cells in your blood? A white blood cells B hemoglobin C platelets D plasma