The Rise of Rome

1. Chapter 5Section 1 The Rise of Rome

2. The Land and Peoples of Italy • Italy is a peninsula extending about 750 miles from north to south • The Apennine mountain range • fairly large fertile plains ideal for farming

4. Rome

5. Greek Influence • Arrived in Italy in large numbers during their colonization period • Cultivated olives and grapes • Passed on their alphabet • Gave Romans artistic and cultural model through their developed art styles

6. Etruscan Influence • Etruscans – people located north of Rome in Etruria • Greatly influenced early development of Rome • Toga • Army organization • Building projects

7. The Roman Republic

8. Government • In 509 BCE, the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a • Republic – a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote • Roman Confederation created to rule Italy • Full Roman citizenship to all peoples

9. War and Conquest • Rome was surrounded by enemies at the beginning of the Republic • Engaged in almost continuous warfare over 200 years • Conquered people remained free but contributed to new government

10. Reasons for Success • 1. The Romans were great diplomats • a person who is tactful and skillful in managing delicate situations, people, etc. • Extended Roman citizenship • 2. The Romans excelled in military matters

11. The Roman Government

12. Early Rome was divided into 2 groups: • Patricians • Great landowners / ruling class • Could be elected to gov’t positions • Plebeians • Larger of the two groups, included craftspeople and small farmers

13. Unbalanced Power • The CEO of the Roman Republic were the consulsand praetors: • Two consuls ran the gov’t and led the army • The praetor was in charge of civil law

14. The Roman Senate • Held an important position in the Republic • A select group of 300 patricians who served for life • Very influential advice that had the force of law

15. The Struggle of the Orders • Often conflict between patricians and plebeians • By 287 BCE, all male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law • In reality, wealthy patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial ruling class that came to dominate the political offices

16. Roman Law • Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world was the Twelve Tables (adopted in 450 BCE) • This helped the Romans developed a more sophisticated system of civil law • Some of these standards are still recognized today

17. Rome Conquers the Mediterranean

18. CARTHAGE • After their conquest of Italy, the Romans found themselves face to face with • Carthage, a strong Mediterranean power with an enormous trading empire just off the coast of North Africa • Largest richest state • In 264 BCE, struggled with Rome for control of the Med

20. First Punic War • Rome’s first war with Carthage began in 264 BC and is known as the First Punic War • This was fought over control of Sicily

21. After a long struggle, a Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily and the war came to an end. • In 241 BCE, Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans

22. Carthage vowed revenge • In response, Hannibal, the greatest of the Carthaginian generals, struck back beginning the Second Punic War

24. The Second Punic War • Lasted from 218-201 BCE • Hannibal decided to bring the war to Italy • He entered Spain, moved east, and crossed the Alps with an army of 30-40 thousand men and 6,000 horses and elephants

25. Rome decided to invade Carthage rather than fight Hannibal in Italy • This forced Carthage to recall Hannibal • In 202 BCE the Romans crushed Hannibal’s forces

26. Carthage lost Spain, which became a Roman province • Rome became the dominant power in the western Med. • Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE • Carthage became a Roman province called Africa.

27. From Republic to Empire Chapter 5 Section 2

28. Growing Inequality and Unrest

29. The Senate controlled both foreign and domestic policy, and financial affairs • The Senate and political offices were increasingly controlled by a small circle of wealthy and powerful families • Many small farmers drifted to cities like Rome and formed a large class of landless poor

30. A New Role for the Army

31. Roman Fleet • General Marius recruited his armies in a new way • Recruited urban poor and homeless by promising them land • All volunteers swore and oath to the General • Originally the Roman army had been made up of small farmers who were landholders

32. To get laws passed for land for Veterans, Generals got involved politics • Marius created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the generals

33. The Collapse of the Republic

34. For the next 50 years (82-31 BCE) Roman history was characterized by civil wars • Three men emerged as victors: • Crassus • Known as the richest man in Rome • Pompey • Military hero • Julius Caesar • Held a military command in Spain

35. The combined wealth and power of these men was enormous and enabled them to dominate the political scene

36. The First Triumvirate Pompey was given power over Spain Crassus over Syria Caesar in Gaul (Modern France) • In 60 BCE, Caesar joined w/ Crassus and Pompey to form the First Triumvirate • A triumvirateis a gov’t by three people with equal power

37. When Crassus was killed in battle in 53 BCE, leading senators decided that Pompey should be the only ruler • They voted Caesar to lay down his command • Caesar refused

38. Caesar marched on Rome, defeated Pompey’s forces, and was left in complete control of the gov’t • Caesar was officially made dictator in 47 BCE • A dictator is an absolute ruler

39. Caesar gave land to the poor and increased the Senate to 900 members • This in turn weakened the power of the Senate • In 44 BCE, a group of leading senators assassinated him

40. The Second Triumvirate

41. A new struggle for power followed Caesar’s death • 3 men joined forces and formed the Second Triumvirate: • Octavian • Caesar’s grand-nephew • Antony • Caesar’s ally • Lepidus • Caesar’s commander of cavalry

42. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict • At the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian’s forces smashed the army and navy of Antony • Antony and Cleopatra Story

43. Octavian, at the age of 32, stood supreme over the Roman world • The wars had ended and so had the republic • This period (31 BCE- 14 AD) became known as the Age of Augustus

44. The Age of Augustus

45. Octavian became the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE • The Senate awarded him the title Augustus–”the revered one”

46. Name Change: • Octavian = Augustus • Augustus control of the army was the chief source of his power • The Senate gave him the title of imperator – commander and chief • Imperator gave us our word emperor

47. The Early Empire

48. Lasted from 14-180 AD • Augustus’s new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor from his natural or adopted family

49. The first 4 successors came from his family • As the emperors grew more powerful, they became more corrupt • EX: Nero – had people killed if he wanted them out of the way. Eventually the legions revolted and he chose to commit suicide.

50. Under the 5 good emperors, the powers of the emperor cont’d to expand at the expense of the Senate • They also created new programs to help the people