Chapter 2 Cognitive Development

1. Chapter 2Cognitive Development Kyle McSherry, Kayley Robertson, Shamia Watts, Tiffany Renee BonneCarre

2. Erikson’s Cognitive Development Theory • Erikson based his theory of personality development on the epigenetic principle. • personality develops as the ego progresses through a series of interrelated stages • Personality development occurs as one overcomes or resolves a series of turning points or psychosocial crises

3. 1st Video • Stages • The children spoken about in the video (ages 2 and 3) are in between the Trust vs. Mistrust Stage and the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage. • Applied Theory • The children have experienced a disruption in their life and environment and the 2-year-old is unsure of the world being safe. (Trust vs. Mistrust) • These children are not being encouraged by their parents to have any independence because they are still taking a bottle at 2 and 3-years-old. (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) • Biopsychosocial Model • This doctor speaks about health being at the center of the mind, body, and social aspect of everyone, especially children.

4. 2nd Video • Stages • In this classroom, the children are entering the Industry vs. Inferiority Stage • Most of the children seem as if they will result in industry by seeing the interaction between them and the teacher. • She is encouraging them to come up with responses • She also praises them for trying • She gives them time to think about what they want to say

5. Piaget: Cognitive Development • In the book we talked about how we need organization and adaptation as a refresher, organization is when we put things together that tend to go together. To adapt is to change a way of thinking when we realize that it may be different than what we believe. • Scheme is the pattern of behavior in a child. Even at an early age children realize when their environment has either been altered in a good or bad way. • In the first video the stage of development that the children are in is evident. The children were in the stage of Perceptual Centration because they focused on one specific characteristic of an object. In the second video the doctor talks about how children react to their environment.

6. Social Interaction and Cognitive Development • Piaget felt that this was the best way to learn because he felt that peers were the best way for students to gain interest and want to participate in the activities. • The way that Piaget thought was to get the children to think or start thinking ahead of what they already were. Meaning children that are in the concrete operational stage, get them to think ahead to the next stage.

7. Criticism of Piaget • Although Piaget has some great ideas, he was not very concise when talking about his theory. In other theories there are pretty much exact explanations and examples. You can even see this in the videos, the children’s behavior does nto always line up completely with what Piaget says. • Also there are no cultural differences mentioned in his theory. There is plenty of cultural diversity within the first video especially.

8. Lev Vygotsky’ Cognitive Development Theory How a Child’s Culture Affects Their Cognitive Development Psychological Tools Psychological tools are tools passed on from generation to generation in a culture. These include speech, writing, musical notations, rules, diagrams, etc. “Through others we become ourselves.” -Vygotsky • Because Vygotsky believed that the way a person thinks has to do with their social and cultural background, he often called this his sociocultural theory

9. Cognitive Development and Social Interaction and Instruction • Vygotsky believed social interaction was the cause of cognitive development • When a child points to an object they want, an adult will give it to them the first few times while saying “you would like to have ?” In the future the child will begin using words to describe what they would like • “Ms. R. Class Observation Part 1&2” shows a teacher who has established rules on the rugs

10. Cognitive Development and Technology • Piaget’s cognitive development is capable of using 2 methods of technology: • simulation tool for displaying knowledge and repairing misconceptions and errors. • online debate or blog • Vygotsky also had 2 methods of using technology: • peer or collaborative partner that will support skills and strategies. • as a tool to link learners to more knowledgeable peers and experts

11. Kohlberg’s Moral Development • Kohlberg has focused on moral development and has proposed a stage theory of moral thinking which goes well beyond Piaget's initial formulations • Kohlberg proposed that there were 6 stages of Moral development • These 6 stages are divided into 3 levels

12. Level 1:Preconventional Morality • Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation • The child assumes that powerful authorities hand down a fixed set of rules which he or she must unquestioningly obey • Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange • At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints

13. Level 2: Conventional Morality • Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships • At this stage children--who are by now usually entering their teens--see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people should live up to the expectations of the family and community and behave in "good" ways. Good behavior means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy, trust, and concern for others • Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order • The respondent becomes more broadly concerned with societyas a whole. Now the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one's duties so that the social order is maintained

14. Level 3: Postconventional Morality • Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights • People begin to ask, "What makes for a good society?" They begin to think about society in a very theoretical way, stepping back from their own society and considering the rights and values that a society ought to uphold. They then evaluate existing societies in terms of these prior considerations • Stage 6: Universal Principles • Defines the principles by which we achieve justice • principles of justice require us to treat the claims of all parties in an impartial manner, respecting the basic dignity, of all people as individuals. The principles of justice are therefore universal; they apply to all

15. Video Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxQTlJBYmvA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rs3oMJYBZq0