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There are more than 1000 human diseases associated with pathways in this chart.

There are more than 1000 human diseases associated with pathways in this chart. Chart represents more than 1000 genetic products. Phenylketonuria Galactosaemia Acyl coA dehydrogenase deficiency Gaucher’s Disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Lesch-Nyha syndrome Kearns-Sayre syndrome

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There are more than 1000 human diseases associated with pathways in this chart.

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  1. There are more than 1000 human diseases associated with pathways in this chart. Chart represents more than 1000 genetic products. Phenylketonuria Galactosaemia Acyl coA dehydrogenase deficiency Gaucher’s Disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Lesch-Nyha syndrome Kearns-Sayre syndrome Niemann Pick disease Alcaptonuria GLYCOLYSIS TRICARBOXYLIC ACID or Krebs CYCLE

  2. Energy RelationshipsUnderstanding Respiration & Photosynthesis

  3. Sunlight Cellular Energy Carbon and Energy Cycles Plants photosynthesis Photosynthesis C6H12O6 &O2 CO2 & H20 Respiration All Living Organisms respiration

  4. Sunlight Cellular Energy Chloroplast Carbon is Reduced = Energy Rich Bonds are Formed C6H12O6 &O2 CO2 & H20 Carbon is Oxidized = Energy is transferred to other Energy Carriers Mitochondria

  5. An Einstein Moment Bacteria perform cellular respiration—enzymes linked on plasma membrane of bacteria. Mitochondria perform cellular the same pathway as bacteria—enzymes linked on outer membrane

  6. What are the Ingredients of Energy Transformations? • Enzymes • Electron Carriers • Membranes Heat Production in Skunk Cabbage

  7. Enzymes . . . • Lower energy requirements • Catalyze specific reactions • Control reactions in pathway

  8. Enzymes of pathways are linked on membranes Membranes increase surface area Membranes permit electron/protons (electricity) to build-up and transfer energy to ATP Membranes & Energy

  9. Energy Carriers(carry high energy electrons) NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

  10. NADH is REDUCED NAD is Oxidized Energy Carriers(carry high energy electrons) NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

  11. Review of Important Points • Reducing a molecule adds a high energy bond • Photosynthesis reduces carbon • Respiration oxidizes carbon • Both cellular processes rely on ENZYMES, pathways linked on MEMBRANES, and Energy Carriers

  12. Energy Carriers • Cell Cash Currency for Energy is ATP • ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE • High energy bond provides energy to activate enzymes Energy Input Energy Release

  13. ALL AEROBIC ORGANISMS (bacteria, fungi, protist, plants, animals) Overview Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (a.k.a. Krebs Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain Responsible for the key points-far more detail will be shown than need to memorize. Look for the RespirationC6H12O6 +O2 CO2 + H20 + Cellular Energy

  14. Aerobic Respiration Citric Acid Cycle= Krebs Cycle

  15. Glycolysisin the Cytoplasm • Splits glucose into two, three carbon molecules (pyruvate) • Requires 10 specific enzymes • Partial oxidation of carbon • Reduces 2 NAD to NADH • Generates a net of 2 ATP

  16. Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm??? Recent evidence suggests glycolytic enzymes are linked on the outer membrane of mitochondria

  17. Citric Acid in Matrix of Mitochondria • Pyruvate imported from cytoplasm (glycolysis) • Involves complete oxidation of carbon • CO2 is produced • High energy electrons are used to reduce energy carriers (NAD and FAD)

  18. Glycolysis to Citric Acid Cycle Carbon Oxidation-Enzyme Use & Energy Carrier Carbon Oxidation Energy Transfer (Carrier)

  19. Glycolysis to Citric Acid Cycle

  20. Carbon Oxidation-Enzyme Use & Energy Carrier

  21. Energy Transfer (Carrier)

  22. Carbon Oxidation

  23. Thought Questions— What happens to Citric Acid Cycle if there is no glucose in the cytoplasm? What happens if there is no pyruvate? What happens if there is no FAD or NAD?

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