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Mars: History of Exploration IV

Geography 441/541 F/19 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue. Mars: History of Exploration IV. Mars: History of Mars Exploration. Venturing into space Telescope observation from near-Earth Hubble Telescope designed in 1973: The Shuttle had been recently approved as a way of schlepping it out

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Mars: History of Exploration IV

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  1. Geography 441/541 F/19 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue Mars: History of Exploration IV C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  2. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: History of Mars Exploration • Venturing into space • Telescope observation from near-Earth • Hubble Telescope designed in 1973: The Shuttle had been recently approved as a way of schlepping it out • Congress funded it in 1977 and it launched in 1990 • Its main (2.4 m) mirror turned out to have an optical flaw, enough to give it astigmatism • Corrective optics applied in 1993 via Shuttle mission • Hubble is no longer being serviced (5th and last service mission 2009) and its equipment is breaking down: Its orbit will eventually decay (~2028-2040) • Angular resolution is 0.05 arcsecond • "If you could see as well as Hubble, you could stand in New York City and distinguish two fireflies, 1 m (3.3 feet) apart, in San Francisco."

  3. Mars: History of Mars Exploration • Venturing into space • Telescope observation of Mars from near-Earth: Hubble • Both infrared and visible light imaging of Mars • Best resolution: 19 km • Got best images in August 2003, the best opposition in 59,619 years • The Trump administration may send a private mission to service Hubble, extending its lifetime C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  4. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: History of Mars Exploration • Venturing into space • Telescope observation from near-Earth -- Hubble has: • Monitored weather (very useful when Mars Global Surveyor was ærobraking into Martian orbit in 1997!) • Caught a 1996 spring dust storm • Documented cloudiness in 1997 • Caught a polar cyclone in 1999 • Identified water-bearing minerals on Mars

  5. Mars: History of Mars Exploration C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB

  6. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: History of Mars Exploration • History of the Robotic Missions to Mars Hugely dangerous: More than half of the missions have failed (about 58%) • "Great Galactic Ghoul," Mars as the "Bermuda Triangle," the "Mars Curse" • There have been launch failures • USSR Mars 1960A failed at liftoff; so did 1960B 4 months later • Russian Space Agency Mars 96 orbiter/lander/penetrator • NASA Mariner 8 1971 • RFSA Phobos-Grunt 2011 • Communications failures • USSR Mars 1 (aka Sputnik 23) 1963 • NASA Mars Observer lost contact at arrival in 1993 • Orbit insertion failures • Japan ISAS Nozomi 1999 *and* 2003 • Crashes on the Martian surface • NASA Mars Climate Observer 1999 (Lockheed: English; NASA: metric) • NASA Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 1999 • ESA Beagle lander 2003 (actually landed, but solar arrays didn't deploy) • ESA Schiaparelli concept lander 2018 (instrument conflict/overload)

  7. Mars: History of Mars Exploration • History of the Robotic Missions to Mars • Dangerous! C.M. Rodrigue, 2016 Geography, CSULB

  8. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: History of Mars Exploration • History of the Robotic Missions to Mars • Spacecraft types and examples • Flyby missions (Cassini-Huygens gravity-assists by Earth in 1999 and Venus in 1998; New Horizons encounter with Pluto in July 2015; Mariner 4 in 1965) • Orbiters (Earth’s Landsat, IKONOS, SPOT) • Probes (Huygens probe at Titan in 2004, NEAR at asteroid EROS in 2001) • Landers (10 USSR Venera from 1961-84, 7 NASA Surveyors on Moon from 1966-68) • Rovers (Spirit from 2003-11, Opportunity from 2003- present, Curiosity from 2012- now) • Penetrators (USSR Mars 96 had two, InSIGHT will have one) • Balloon probes (USSR Vega 1 and 2 at Venus in 1985) • Helicopter(Mars 2020 rover will launch a proof-of-concept copter) • Sample return missions (MSRL, Genesis from L1, Stardust from Comet Wild 2; JAXA's Martian Moons Exploration rover will return samples to Earth)

  9. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Remote Sensing Basics • Resolution • Spatial • Varying, as in a descending probe (e.g, Huygens descending to Titan; MSL's and Phoenix's MARDI imagers) • Fine resolution, 0.5 – 5.0 m (e.g., IKONOS, OrbView-3. MRO's HiRISE, MEX's HRSC) • Coarse resolution, 1 km (e.g., MODIS) to 8 m (e.g., GEOS) • Vertical • Generally worse than horizontal spatial resolution • Generated by laser altimeters (e.g., MGS's MOLA), InSAR, stereo pairing

  10. C.M. Rodrigue, 2019 Geography, CSULB Mars: Remote Sensing Basics • Resolution • Radiometric • How finely differences in values can be detected • Function of bits in a byte • Directional • Nadir only • Backward/forward or right/left • Reflectance and scattering by wavelength differ by direction • Spectral • Panchromatic (all bands within a large range, often fine resolution) • Multispectral (3-100 or so bands, at discrete intervals along the spectrum) • Hyperspectral (16-224 narrow bands contiguous to one another over a spectral range)

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