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The Biological Perspective

The Biological Perspective. 12 th IB Themes Part 2. Make a Chart of the Major NTs. Explain Their Effects on Human Behavior. QUESTION 6 & 7. Already Answered!. See pg 58-65, & their effect means include studies!. Make a Chart of the Major Hormones Explain the Function of 2 Hormones.

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The Biological Perspective

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  1. The Biological Perspective 12th IB Themes Part 2

  2. Make a Chart of the Major NTs. Explain Their Effects on Human Behavior QUESTION 6 & 7

  3. Already Answered! See pg 58-65, & their effect means include studies!

  4. Make a Chart of the Major Hormones Explain the Function of 2 Hormones QUESTION 8 & 9

  5. Section 9, Read pg. 87-89 Read the article “Trust in a Bottle” Videos (3): Hormones & Behavior (John Gray) SAD; Oxytocin Spray

  6. Make a Chart of the Major Parts of the Brain; Normal Function & Dysfunction of Each QUESTION 10

  7. Function/Dysfunction Use chart from last year Use articles in binder Use studies in binder Chose the MAJOR parts that you see over and over (Frontal Lobe, Amygdala, Hypothalamus, etc.) Try to link each one to a study (Name, Year) Chose 10!

  8. Discuss 2 effects of the environment on physiological processes. QUESTION 11

  9. Section 7, pg. 81-84 Bidirectional: brain can change behavior, behavior can change the brain Plasticity: ability to adapt and rearrange Dendritic Branching:neurons create newer, denser connections Encrease with enrichment

  10. Brain plasticity • Before 1960s believed brain was unchangeable • Hubel & Wiesel (1965) • Rosenweig & Bennett (1972) • Lab experiments with rats

  11. Brain plasticity • Rosenzweig & Bennett (1972) • Rats in 2 environments • Measured the effects of neural develop in cerebral cortex • Group 1: Enrichment (interesting toys) social life too! • Group 2: Deprivation (no toys) • What were the results?

  12. Brain plasticity • Group 1: Enrichment (interesting toys) • 30-60 days, then autopsied post-mortem brains • Group 1 (enrichment) thicker cortex, frontal lobe (thinking, planning, decision making) heavier • Brain weight increased 7-10% • Number of synapses increased 20% • Impoverished rats easy to spot • Other rats and toys best cond. for cerebral thickness. • Environmental enrichment can modify the brain (esp. cerebral cortex, higher cognitive functioning)

  13. Brain plasticity • Plasticity: brain’s ability to rearrange the connections between neurons • Changes that occur in the structure of the brain as result of learning or experience (adaptation) • High levels of stimulation, numerous learning opportunities, increase in density of neural connections

  14. Experience & The brain • Bryan Kolb and Ian Whishaw, 1998 • Infant ratsgiven stimulation & touch (holding) • Gained more weight • Developed faster neurologically • Premature babies, the same results • (orphans, preemies (Dr. Tiffany Fields)

  15. Experience & The brain • Field 2001, Meaney et al 1988 • Repeated experiences modified a rat’s neural tissue • During puberty, those neural connections that have not been activated by experience will degenerate away • Use it or lose it! • Application: learning a new skill, new language, love

  16. Brain plasticity • The idea that the brain, when damaged, will attempt to find new ways to reroute messages. • Children’s brains are more plastic than adults. • Pons 1991, severed the neural pathways for incoming information from a monkey’s arm • The sensory cortex that used to receive this input gradually shifted its function • Began to respond when researchers touched its face • Similar studies: cats, ferrets • Phantom Body Parts (amputees) • (Ramachandran & Blakesless, 1998)

  17. Brain plasticity • New belief: brain is constantly changing throughout lifespan • Brain changes in response to environmental input • (Good or Bad) • True for Phantom Limb • Hemispherectomy • Video

  18. Brain plasticity • Dendritic Branching: • Every time we learn something new, the neurons connect a new trace in the brain • The dendrites of the neurons grow in numbers and connect with other neurons • Ex: Brain of expert musician has thicker cortex for music than non-musician • Students who study vs. students who don’t

  19. I’m working on my dendritic branching, Mom!

  20. Experience & The brain • What does this say about living conditions for: • Farm animals? • Zoo animals? • Orphanages? • Day Care Centers? • Schools for children? • Video: Animal Enrichment

  21. Study on humans? • Cannot study, then kill and autopsy human children • What is “enriched” for a specific person • (Music? Art? Books? Animals?) • The importance of education? Real learning? • We DO see vocabulary differences, IQ tests, study orphans (Bosnia, China)

  22. Vocabulary Development • Penn State, April 11, 2001 • Socio-economically deprived children fall behind in spoken vocab. development during first 3 years • Age 3, children in professional families used 1,116 words and spoke 310 utterances per hour. • Working class children had 749-word vocabularies and 223 utterances. • Welfare children used only 525 words and averaged 168 utterances. • * The middle-class 3-year-olds had larger working vocabularies than the welfare mothers.

  23. Read 2 Articles • The Addicted Brain • Scars That Won’t Heal (Child Abuse)

  24. Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology on behavior. QUESTION 12 Section 8, pg 85-86

  25. The mozart effect • Rauscher et al, 1993 (Pg 86 IB text) • Listening to Mozart will temp. increase spatial reasoning ability • Exposure to musical compositions that are structurally complexexcites same brain-firing pattern as physically completing spatial tasks • Listening to music, brain will develop a more sophisticated ability to spatial problems • Hint: Lil Wayne, Miley Cyrus NOT complex music • Dream Theater, Led Zeppelin

  26. The mozart effect • Thompson et al, 2001 (Pg 86 IB text) • Continued the music research… • Music elevates mood, when moods are elevated, spatial skills improved • May be heightened sense of attention that increases learning • Problems with Mozart Studies: • ecological validity: tested in labs, not asked to do “real world tasks” questionable results, not likely to predict real world situations

  27. The mozart effect Trans-Siberian Orchestra Lil Bow Wayne Wow Gooci Coo Ice’d Let’s try it…

  28. Effect of Cognition? • Humans are able to influence the way the brain functions (pg 85 IB text) • Does Meditation change brain activity? • Gamma waves linked to higher reasoning • Richard Davidson (2004) • 8 Buddhist monks, experienced in mediation • Control: 10 volunteers trained for 1 week

  29. Effect of Cognition? • Does Meditation change brain activity? • All participants told to meditate on love & compassion • PET scan: ALL monks exper. increase in number of gamma waves in their brain during meditation • 2 in the control group • Stopped meditation, gamma waves returned to normal • Monks who meditated on compassion more than 10,000 hours kept higher gamma waves

  30. Effect of Cognition? • Dr. Masaru Emoto, Japan • Claims that human speech, thoughts, prayer, music can alter water molecules (crystals) • Depends on whether the words or thoughts were positive or negative. Gamma waves. • Journal of Scientific Exploration • Metal shavings also do this! • Explains psychic healings? • Videos (2): Emoto, • Intentional Healing • The Secret • What the Bleep

  31. Discuss the use of brain-imaging technologies in investigating the relationship between biological factors and behavior. QUESTION 13

  32. brain research • Not in Binder • Neuropsychology: study the active brain • Experiments with animals still used • Study specific biological correlates of behavior using invasive techniques • Invasive Techniques: Early brain experiments involve removing (ablation), scarring (lesioning) brain tissue to study changes • Serious ethical concerns, potential harm to animals cannot be reversed, causing pain

  33. Modern Brain Research • EEG (electroencephalogram) printout of “brainwaves” • Picks up electrical charge from neurons as they transport info. • Patterns of voltage change in brain • Used for sleep, emotions, epilepsy • Limited information: • cannot reveal what is happening in deeper brain regions • cannot show actual brain functioning

  34. Modern Brain Research • PET (positron emission topography) monitors glucose metabolism in the brain • Inject patient with radioactive glucose, particles emitted by glucose are detected by PET scanner • Scans produce colored maps of brain activity • Used to diagnose abnormalities: tumors, changes in Alzheimer’s, compare brain differences (normal vs. abnormal neural schizophrenia), compare gender differences • Advantage (over MRI) can record ongoing activity in the brain (like thinking)

  35. Modern Brain Research • fMRI (funct. magnetic resonance imaging) • provides 3-D picture of brain structure • Uses magnetic fields and radio waves • Shows actual brain activity, indicates which areas of brain are active when engaged • Higher resolution than Pet scan, easier to perform • Most frequently used in biopsychological research • Limits: MRI scanner NOT a natural environment for cognition. Question of ecological validity. • Use of colors may exaggerate different activities • Brain areas light up for various reasons • (ex. If amygdala lights up, doesn’t mean fear)

  36. BRAIN Study: LANGUAGE • Karl Kim, Joy Hirsch (1997) • Used a fMRI (func. magnetic resonance imaging) • Research how the brain processes language in bilingual indiv. • Group 1: learned a 2nd lang. as children (bilingual) • Group 2: learned 2nd lang. later in life • “Think about what you did yesterday. Think about it in 1 language, then in the other.” • While the fMRI scans the brain.

  37. BRAIN Study: LANGUAGE • Karl Kim, Joy Hirsch (1997) • Results: Both groups used same part of Wernicke’s area regardless of the lang. they were thinking. • Use of Broca’s area differed. • Group 1:used Broca’s are for both lang. • Group 2:different (larger area) next to primary lang. area

  38. Modern Brain Research • Gur et al (1995) • PET scans, neurobiological bases for gender differences • Discovered the male brain has: • More active metabolism in primitive brain center to control violence. • Men have higher % of white matter (WM) WM faster than GM. Make decisions faster? • Men have more cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • 20 yr man 176,000 myelinated axons (faster) • Women have 149,000 • Men higher % GM in left hemisphere (logic, math) better for computation? • May account for the differences in cognitive functioning. • Men better spatial skills

  39. Modern Brain Research • Gur et al (1995) • Discovered in female brain: • Women have slightly less space in cranium. • Women better at verbal skills, grey matter • “Women have higher percentage of GM, women outperform men on language tasks.”

  40. Less effort hypothesis • Hainer et al, 1988 (pg 102) • PET scans, those with higher IQ use less energy to solve problems than low IQ (metabolic rates) • Less Effort Hypothesis

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