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Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution in Beijing

Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution in Beijing. Professor Kebin He Dept. of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University Orlando, Florida, USA June 24, 2001. Overview of urbanization. Increase of number for Chinese cities. Urbanization Trends in China.

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Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution in Beijing

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  1. Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution in Beijing Professor Kebin He Dept. of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University Orlando, Florida, USA June 24, 2001

  2. Overview of urbanization • Increase of number for Chinese cities

  3. Urbanization Trends in China

  4. NOx Concentration for Different Scale Cities

  5. Rates of NOx exceeding standard

  6. Why Beijing?

  7. 600 • 557 • Japan • Tokyo • 500 • Tokyo Ward area • Korea • 400 • Seoul • China • 317 • Vehicles per 1000 people • Beijing • 300 • 200 • 100 • 72 • 9 • 0 • 1940 • 1950 • 1960 • 1970 • 1980 • 1990 • 2000 Motorization(Vehicles per 1000 people) • 356 • 226 • 216

  8. Vehicle ownership, million NOx concentration, g/m3 Beijing is characterized by its low vehicle ownership and high pollution: Comparison of Beijing with four big cities Data for Beijing is in 1998. Others are in 1990.

  9. Primarily due to past settlement patterns, the relatively short trips, and government policy to promote bicycle use, Beijing’s transportation heavily relies on buses and bicycles. However, Beijing is beginning to experience a rapid rate of motorization, and most of the recently increased trips come from automobiles. Bicycle Bus Subway Taxi Private car Passenger trips, billion Source: Yang, Urban Transportation and Environment in Beijing.

  10. Passenger Traffic by Public Transportation Mode in Beijing

  11. Tokyo Paris London New York Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Bangkok Seoul Mexico city Beijing 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Comparison of passenger trip mix among big cities in the world 1990 1990 1990 1990 1992 1995 1992 1992 1992 1995 Bus Car Light rail Subway MC NMV Others 100%

  12. China: Urban NOx Concentration

  13. Beijing: Air Pollutant Concentrations

  14. BEIJING: O3 Concentration in 1997-1999 Ozone concentration in Beijing • 3

  15. Beijing: PM2.5Mass Concentration Levels in 1999-2000 Weekly variations • Similar temporal variations at the two sites • Strong weekly variations: max difference for two consecutive weeks is 2.5 times

  16. Beijing is developing its suburbanization and decentralization, which will increase the passenger kilometers traveled Population in rural area Population, million Population in suburban area Population in core city Source: Beijing’s Master Planning, 1993.

  17. From Other Countries’ Experiences, China Has a Great Potential for Continuous Vehicle Growth Vehicles Per 1000 Persons

  18. Relations between Vehicle Population and Emissions • 100,000 vehicle population growth • Increasing emissions of 25,000t CO and 2,000t NOx 2007年

  19. Three cases in Beijing • Formulating mobile source control strategy from 1995 to 2010 • Evaluating the effectiveness of air pollution control measures since 1998 • Prediction of air quality in 2008

  20. Case I: Mobile Source Emission Inventory(NOx, 1995, t / y)

  21. Case I: MOBILE SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS • Spatial distribution of annual average concentrations in 1995 CO NOx

  22. Case I: MOBILE SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS

  23. 20 • 350 • 18 • 16 • 300 • 14 • 250 • 12 • 10 thousand tons • 0 • 10 • 10 thousand tons • 1 • 200 • 0 • 8 • 2 • 1 • 6 • 3 • 150 • 2 • 4 • 3 • 100 • 2 • 0 • 50 • 1995 • 1998 • 2002 • 2010 • year • NOx • 0 • year • 1995 • 1998 • 2002 • 2010 • CO Case I: IMPACTS OF EMISSION CONTROL ON AIR QUALITY • The reduction potential of different control strategies

  24. Case I: Government Action • Beijing: emission standard for exhaust pollutants from light-duty vehicles • Shanghai: emission standard for exhaust pollutants from light-duty vehicles • Emission Standard for exhaust pollutants from light-duty vehicles （GWPB1-1999） • Standard for hazardous contents in gasoline （GWPB001-1999）

  25. Effectiveness from four phases’ control measures • emission reduction • (baseline:1998 )

  26. Effectiveness from four phases’ control measures

  27. Scenarios for vehicle targeted measures, fuel-targeted measures, and transport system measures No Transport mode Energy consumption Emissions Air quality Meet environ. Requirement? Meet VKT Demand GIS support system Yes Non-motorized vehicles Motorized vehicles Emission factors Traffic flow distribution Policy directions Cars Walk Bicycle Railway Roadway LDV HDGV HDDV Light rail Subway ………

  28. Tranportation MODE Priorities: Rail, Public, Bicycle, Car

  29. Future plan for Beijing’s Railroad

  30. Clean transportation for Olympics

  31. Future Consideration

  32. EURO • 1 • EURO • 2 • EURO • 3 • EURO 4 • Light-duty • 1999.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2007.1 • 2010. • Ⅰ • vehicles • Light-duty • 2000.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2007.1 • 2010. • Ⅱ • vehicles • High-duty • 2000.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2008.1 • 2014 • vehicles • Motorcycles • 2001.1.1 Case III:Prediction of PM10 Concentration in Beijing in 2008 • Mobile source control strategies (Scenario 2) • -- For new vehicles

  33. EURO • 1 • EURO • 2 • EURO • 3 • EURO 4 • Light-duty • 1999.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2007.1 • 2010. • Ⅰ • vehicles • Light-duty • 2000.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2007.1 • 2010. • Ⅱ • vehicles • High-duty • 2000.1.1 • 2003.1.1 • 2008.1 • 2014 • vehicles • Motorcycles • 2001.1.1 Case III:Prediction of NOx Concentration in Beijing in 2008 • Mobile source control strategies (Scenario 2) • -- For new vehicles

  34. Thank You! 概 述

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