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Pathological Female Reproductive System. candidiasis.
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candidiasis In women, signs and symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection are a white cheesy discharge that typically itches and irritates the vagina and surrounding outer tissues. On occasion there may be pain with sexual intercourse or burning with urination. The cause of Candida in men and women is the yeast-like fungus called Candida Albicans which occurs naturally in our bodies. Our 'friendly' bacteria keeps it under control so that it doesn't usually cause any problems. Signs for men:-red / inflamed and swollen glans- serious itching - burning sensation - blister-like spots which can 'weep' - pain when peeing - painful sex
cervicitis Cervicitis is swelling (inflammation) of the end of the uterus (cervix).
ectopic pregnancy • An ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). The baby cannot survive. • Symptoms: • Abnormal vaginal bleeding • Amenorrhea • Breast tenderness • Low back pain • Mild cramping on one side of the pelvis • Nausea • Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area • Treatment: Ectopic pregnancies cannot continue to birth (term). The developing cells must be removed to save the mother's life.
endometriosis • Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that behaves like the cells lining the uterus (endometrium) grows in other areas of the body, causing pain, irregular bleeding, and possible infertility. • The tissue growth (implant) typically occurs in the pelvic area, outside of the uterus, on the ovaries, bowel, rectum, bladder, and the delicate lining of the pelvis. However, the implants can occur in other areas of the body, too. • Symptoms: Pain is the main symptom for women with endometriosis. This can include: • Painful periods • Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic cramps that can be felt for a week or two before menstruation • Treatment • Treatments consist of: • Medications to control pain • Medications to stop the endometriosis from getting worse • Surgery to remove the areas of endometriosis • Hysterectomy with removal of both ovaries • Treatment depends on the following factors: • Age • Severity of symptoms • Severity of disease • Whether you want children in the future
fibroma (fibroid) of the uterus What are fibroids? Fibroids are muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Another medical term for fibroids is "leiomyoma" (leye-oh-meye-OH-muh) or just "myoma". Fibroids are almost always benign (not cancerous). Fibroids can grow as a single tumor, or there can be many of them in the uterus. They can be as small as an apple seed or as big as a grapefruit. In unusual cases they can become very large
leukorrhea Most women notice a yellow or white stain on their underwear that is perfectly normal and healthy. This is a normal fluid that helps clean and moisten your vagina. It is normal if your discharge is cloudy white has no odor, increases in amount during the middle of your menstrual cycle when you are ovulating. Leukorrhea (vaginitis) is the medical term for a certain type of vaginal discharge that is common during pregnancy as well as at other times during your reproductive years. If you have leukorrhea, you may have a thick and sticky vaginal discharge that is white, yellow, or green. It can vary with a woman's menstrual cycle as her hormone levels change.
oligomenorrha In most women, menstrual bleeding occurs every 28 days, plus or minus 4 days. Although some variation is normal, menstrual bleeding at intervals of greater than 36 days may indicate oligomenorrhea — abnormally infrequent menstrual bleeding characterized by three to six menstrual cycles per year. When menstrual bleeding does occur, it’s usually profuse, prolonged (up to 10 days), and laden with clots and tissue. Occasionally, scant bleeding or spotting occurs between these heavy menses.
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a condition of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Your blood pressure goes up, you retain water, and protein is found in your urine. It is also called toxemia or preeclampsia. The exact cause of PIH is unknown.
Preeclampsia Same as PIH, but nonconvulsie form of PIH
eclampsia • Eclampsia is seizures (convulsions) in a pregnant woman that are not related to brain conditions. • Causes: The cause of eclampsia is not well understood. Researchers believe the following may play a role: • Blood vessels • Brain and nervous system (neurological) factors • Diet • Genes • However, no theories have yet been proven.
pyosalpinx • A pyosalpinx refers to the presence of pus in one fallopian tube. When both tubes are affected with the accumulation of pus inside, the term used is pyosalpinges.
retroversion Retroversion of the uterus occurs when the uterus tilts toward the back instead of the front. You may hear retroversion of the uterus referred to as a “tilted" or "tipped" uterus. Though having a retroverted uterus sounds a bit scary, the truth is that it is perfectly normal; about 20% of women naturally have a retroverted uterus.
sterility Sterility is the inability to conceive children and applies equally to men who are unable to impregnate a woman in order to enable to conceive. But the term is applied frequently in case of women only. It is also known as infertility. The preliminary step in treating sterility is to determine whether the problem lies with the male or the female partner. Sterility is of two basic types: primary sterility: the couple has never conceived a child. Primary sterility can be due to the male or the female partner secondary sterility: occurs when the couple has conceived a child, but has had a miscarriage.; but secondary sterility is only due to problems with the woman's reproductive system. Causes of Sterility: • Removal of ovaries/fallopian tubes • Non-production of ovum • Sexual coldness or unresponsiveness • Frequent abortions • Deranged position of uterus • Some ailments of chronic nature • Some hormonal disturbances • Consequence of some accident, etc.
toxic shock syndrome Toxic shock syndrome is a severe disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs. • Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin produced by certain types of Staphylococcus bacteria. A similar syndrome, called toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS), can be caused by Streptococcal bacteria. • Although the earliest described cases of toxic shock syndrome involved women who were using tampons during their periods (menstruation), just slightly over half of current cases are associated with such events. Toxic shock syndrome can also occur in children, postmenopausal women, and men. • Risk factors include: • Childbirth • Current Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection • Foreign bodies or packings (such as those used to stop nosebleeds) • Menstruation • Surgery • Tampon use (particularly if you leave on in for a long time) • Use of barrier contraceptives such as a diaphragm or vaginal sponge
trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite, Trichomonasvaginalis. The vagina is the most common site of infection in women, and the urethra (urine canal) is the most common site of infection in men.
anorchism A congenital abnormality where one or both testes are missing at birth
balanitis • Balanitis is an inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis. • Symptoms: • Redness of foreskin or penis • Other rashes on the head of the penis • Foul-smelling discharge • Painful penis and foreskin
cryptorchidism • Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) is a testicle that hasn't moved into its proper position in the bag of skin hanging behind the penis (scrotum) prior to the birth of a baby boy. • About 2 to 5 percent of baby boys are born with one or two undescended testicles. An undescended testicle is more common among baby boys born prematurely, or before 37 weeks. It's rare for boys with cryptorchidism to have two undescended testicles. • For most boys born with one or two undescended testicles, the problem corrects itself within the first few months of life. If your infant has an undescended testicle that doesn't correct itself, surgery can usually be used to relocate it into the scrotum.
epispadias Urethra opens on the upper side of the penis.
hypospadias Urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis
impotence Inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection
phimosis is tightness of the foreskin of the penis that prevents the retraction of the foreskin over the glans. The condition is usually congenital but it may be the result of an infection.
chlamydia • is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can damage a woman's reproductive organs. Even though symptoms of chlamydia are usually mild or absent, serious complications that cause irreversible damage, including infertility, can occur "silently" before a woman ever recognizes a problem. Chlamydia also can cause discharge from the penis of an infected man. • Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In 2006, 1,030,911 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Under-reporting is substantial because most people with chlamydia are not aware of their infections and do not seek testing. Also, testing is not often done if patients are treated for their symptoms. An estimated 2,291,000 non-institutionalized U.S. civilians ages 14-39 are infected with Chlamydia based on the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Women are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated.
genital warts Human papillomavirus
gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseriagonorrhoeae, a bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (urine canal) in women and men. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus. Gonorrhea is a very common infectious disease. CDC estimates that more than 700,000 persons in the U.S. get new gonorrheal infections each year. Only about half of these infections are reported to CDC. In 2006, 358,366 cases of gonorrhea were reported to CDC. In the period from 1975 to 1997, the national gonorrhea rate declined, following the implementation of the national gonorrhea control program in the mid-1970s. After several years of stable gonorrhea rates, however, the national gonorrhea rate increased for the second consecutive year. In 2006, the rate of reported gonorrheal infections was 120.9 per 100,000 persons.
herpes genitalis Herpes simplex type 2 is the cause of genital infection. The infection is common world wide and affects both males and females equally. You see, herpes simplex 2 has a tendency to affect the genital.
syphilis Syphilis develops in four stages, and symptoms vary with each stage. But the stages may overlap, and symptoms don't always occur in the same order. You may be infected with syphilis and not notice any symptoms for years. If you have HIV infection at the same time, the symptoms of syphilis may be somewhat different than without HIV infection.
trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis, often called "trich", is caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite known as trichomonasvaginalis. It is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse, although the parasite can also live on towels, bedding, and clothing. Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD with over 7 million cases in the United States alone. Both women and men may contract the infection, though women are at a greater risk. Most people become infected between the ages of 16 and 35
amniocentesis Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that allows your healthcare practitioner to gather information about your baby's health and development from a sample of your amniotic fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds your baby in the uterus.The most common reason to have an "amnio" is to determine whether a baby has a genetic disorder or a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome. Only amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can diagnose these problems in the womb.Amniocentesis is usually done when a woman is between 16 and 20 weeks pregnant. Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems, in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of miscarriage.
colposcopy • Colposcopy is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and vulva
hysterosalpingography • The hysterosalpingogram is an x-ray test that takes a picture after dye has filled the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes. It is a useful test in helping determine the cause of infertility.
mammography Mammography is a specific type of imaging that uses a low-dose x-ray system to examine breasts. A mammography exam, called a mammogram, is used to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases in women.
Papanicolaou A screening test used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant (cancerous) processes in the cervix. Significant changes can be treated, thus preventing cervical cancer. • A speculum is used to gather cells from the outer opening of the cervix of the uterus and the endocervix. The cells are examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities.
