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Observations From the Global AMDAR Programme Presentation to WMO TECO-2006 4-6 December 2006 by

Observations From the Global AMDAR Programme Presentation to WMO TECO-2006 4-6 December 2006 by Michael Berechree Technical Coordinator, WMO AMDAR Panel. AMDAR =. A ircraft M eteorological DA ta R elay. System Description. AMDAR is: A fully automated upper air observing system;

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Observations From the Global AMDAR Programme Presentation to WMO TECO-2006 4-6 December 2006 by

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  1. Observations From the Global AMDAR Programme Presentation to WMO TECO-20064-6 December 2006by Michael BerechreeTechnical Coordinator, WMO AMDAR Panel

  2. AMDAR = AircraftMeteorologicalDAtaRelay SystemDescription AMDAR is: • A fully automated upper air observing system; • High quality upper air observations of wind speed and direction, temperature, and sometimes turbulence and humidity; • Available from many existing commercial, private and military aircraft;

  3. FITTED WITH EXISTING SENSORS + AVIONICS HARDWARE + AVIONICS SOFTWARE + COMMUNICATIONS AMDAR SOFTWARE = + SystemDescription AMDAR uses existing aircraft and airline infrastructure: • Wind, temperature and turbulence plus height (pressure), time and position; • Onboard avionics and communications hardware and software; and • Aircraft Communications And Reporting System (ACARS). Global services are provided by ARINC and SITA.

  4. SystemDescription

  5. BASIC Data Data Requirements Desirable Horizontal Spatial and Temporal Density: 1 profile on 250 km grid at 3 hourly intervals

  6. Data Requirements Additional Data

  7. Mandatory and Optional Reported Elements Element Mandatory/Optional Requires Additional (M/O) Onboard Processing Aircraft identifier M Phase of flight M Latitude M Longitude M Day & time of observation M Pressure altitude M Static air temperature M Wind direction M Wind speed M Maximum wind M Roll & pitch angle flag M YES Humidity O YES Turbulence O YES Icing O YES

  8. Why is AMDAR Data Needed? • To meet the NWP community’s requirement for greater quantities and improved coverage of relevant upper air data; For forecast verification; To provide data from data sparse areas around the world to improve local forecasts and to contribute to the WMO World Weather Watch Global Observing System; and AMDAR data have similar accuracy to that of radiosonde data and can be used in the same manner. A typical AMDAR vertical sounding of temperature and wind produces a profile that is typically less than 1% of the cost of a radiosonde profile.

  9. Why is AMDAR Data Needed? AMDAR is particularly useful for now-casting situations where conditions are changing rapidly and are therefore of special use to the aviation industry. Such applications include: • Surface and upper air forecasts of wind and temperature; • Thunderstorm genesis, location and severity; • Wind-shear location and intensity e.g. dangerous low-level jets; • Low cloud and fog formation, location and duration; • Turbulence location and intensity; and

  10. Why is AMDAR Data Needed? AMDAR data significantly improved NWP wind forecasts. For example, 3-hour wind forecast error was reduced by 40% with an overall improvement of 11%; 12-hour wind forecasts of winds improved by 5%; Impacts of these improved wind forecasts are better en-route and terminal management of aircraft and therefore leads to subsequent financial savings gained by the airlines; and

  11. Why is AMDAR Data Needed? The benefits of AMDAR data are global and large for forecasts out to 48 hour.

  12. Why is AMDAR Data Needed? The benefits of AMDAR data are global and large for forecasts out to 48 hour.

  13. Growth in AMDAR data Over 200,000 high quality observations per day being exchanged on the GTS Over 2,800 reporting aircraft world wide

  14. 24 Hour AMDAR Coverage 30 November 2006 Courtesy NOAA ESRL/GSD

  15. 24 Hour AMDAR Profiles 30 November 2006 Courtesy NOAA ESRL/GSD

  16. Data Availability Distribution map of the average number of aircraft reports decoded per 24-hour periods in 10 deg. lat-lon boxes. Courtesy Environment Canada.

  17. AMDAR Temperature and Wind Profiles Courtesy NOAA ESRL/GSD

  18. Data Quality • High quality AMDAR data is suitable for use in all operational meteorological applications. • Quality of observations received from each reporting aircraft is routinely monitored by regional and global centres. • The NCEP is the WMO designated lead centre for monitoring aircraft observations. • Data quality of data from most large jet transports is high while the quality of similar data derived from many smaller regional and commuter aircraft is often not suitable for meteorological use. Data quality from CRJ passenger aircraft (bias based on Numerical Model output) - Courtesy: Meteorological Service of Canada Monthly mean temperature bias of all European aircraft that reported in September 2006.

  19. Data Quality Frequency distribution of the mean temperature difference (OBS–Background) KNMI QEV Report – January – March 2004

  20. Data Quality Frequency distribution of the mean wind speed difference (OBS–Background) KNMI QEV Report – January – March 2004

  21. SEB (System Electronics Box) Sensor System Air Sampler Hoses (Heated and Non-Heated) for Interconnection Air Sampler - SEB AMDAR Humidity Measurement SpectraSensors, WVSS-II • Near-Infrared Absorption Spectrometer Based on Tunable Diode Laser • Heated Inlet Hose • Output: Water Vapor Mass Mixing Ratio Air Sampler Cylindrical Sampling Tube 24 cm SEB

  22. AMDAR Humidity Measurement FWD Skin SEB Hose, Non-Heated Hose, Heated Air Sampler Air Sampler Frame

  23. Airbus Solution for AMDAR AMDAR data as per ARINC 620v4 Supplement 5 28 VDC ARINC bus 429 SEB Hoses Probe AOC AOC ATC ATC Step 2 Weather AMDAR WVSS-II VHF HF SATCOM Flight Management System Aircraft Interface Host Platform Hardware Step 1 Air Traffic Service Unit

  24. AMDAR Humidity Measurement Recent comparison of WVSS-2 Water Vapour Profile and Radiosonde profile, November 2006 Courtesy NOAA ESRL/GSD

  25. AMDAR Humidity Measurement Tests have shown that WVSS-II water vapour data: - are comparable to radiosonde moisture data; - can be easily obtained in otherwise data sparse areas; - profiles are observed at airports where aviation forecasters need them the most; and - costs are substantially less than traditional moisture profiles from radiosondes. Relative Humidity differences between WVSS-II and Radiosondes for 2-week test period

  26. Developing Regional or National AMDAR Programmes The AMDAR Panel can help with organising regional or national AMDAR programmes by: • Working with the NMHS to evaluate the potential for developing a national AMDAR program; • Assisting with technical support and training; • Providing technical material and manuals needed to establish a National or Regional AMDAR program; and • Working with the NMHS and the airline to create the necessary documents and infrastructure agreements. For More Information: http://www.wmo.int/web/aom/amprog/amprog.html/

  27. Data Availability Distribution map of the average number of aircraft reports decoded per 24-hour periods in 10 deg. lat-lon boxes. Courtesy Environment Canada.

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