Getting to California

1. Ch 12 Sec 3: New American Diplomacy • sphere of influence– an area where a foreign nation controls economic development of a nation • Open Door Policy – U.S. foreign policy that stated all nations should be able to trade freely with China • Boxer Rebellion – Chinese natives who rose up against foreign influence (economic and religious) in their nation • Great White Fleet – Sixteen U.S. battleships Roosevelt sent around the world to show American military might in 1907 • Panama Canal – Originally started by the French and taken over by the Americans after a revolution in Panama for them to gain freedom from Columbia. Shortened travel from New York to San Francisco by 8000 miles. • Roosevelt Corollary – TR’s extension of the Monroe Doctrine to prevent European nations from sending troops or establishing colonies in the Western Hemisphere • dollar diplomacy – Taft’s belief that if American businesses supported Latin America, Europe would become irrelevant. Getting to California

2. Chapter Objectives Section 3: New American Diplomacy • Critique Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy as president. • Explain the Open Door policy and its effects on relations between the United States and Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 4

3. Guide to Reading Main Idea Under President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States increased its power on the world stage.  Key Terms and Names • sphere of influence  • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty  • Roosevelt Corollary  • dollar diplomacy • Open Door Policy  • Boxer Rebellion  • “Great White Fleet”  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-1

4. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • In the 1900 election, President McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan by a wide margin. (pages 408–409) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

5. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot President McKinley, who died a few days later. (pages 408–409) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

6. And I was going to kill a priest….. In 1901, Leon Czolgosz walked into the tailor shop of a friend and announced that after mature reflection on the state of society, he had decided to kill a priest. “Why kill a priest?” asked the friend. “There are so many priests; they are like flies – only a hundred would come to the funeral.” Leon reconsidered his decision and decided it would be better to assassinate a president. On September 6, 1901, he went to a reception in Buffalo, New York and killed President McKinley. You Don’t Say 3-2b

7. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley’s vice president, became the youngest person to become president at the age of 42 (John Kennedy was our nation’s youngest “Elected President”). (pages 408–409) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

8. “Now that cowboy is going to be President” After gaining fame in the Spanish-American War, Teddy Roosevelt was becoming a fast riser in the Republican Party, but many of his Progressive ideas were looked at as threatening to some. After becoming Governor of New York in 1898, he was nominated as McKinley’s Vice President in 1900, because it was known that McKinley would win reelection it was hoped that Roosevelt, like many VPs before him, would never be heard from again. His nicknames included “Old Dynamo”, “The Rough Rider” and “TR”. You Don’t Say 3-2b

9. “There is a homely old adage which runs: 'Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.' If the American nation will speak softly, and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far.” Theodore Roosevelt,Chicago, Illinois (1904) This feature is found on pages 462–463 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Time Notebook 5

10. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power (cont.) • Roosevelt believed the United States had a duty to shape the “less civilized” parts of the world. • He wanted the United States to become a world power. (pages 408–409) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

11. American Diplomacy in Asia • In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia. • Between 1895 and 1900, American exports to China quadrupled. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

12. American Diplomacy in Asia • In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what is now Korea. • This ended in a Japanese victory. • In the peace treaty, China gave Korea independence and Japan territory in Manchuria. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

13. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • The war showed that China was weaker than people had thought, and that Japan had successfully adopted Western technology. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

14. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • Japan’s rising power worried Russia. • Russia forced Japan to give back the part of Manchuria to China and later made China lease the territory to Russia. • Leasing a territory meant it would still belong to China but a foreign power would have control. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

15. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • This leasehold became the center of a sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

16. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported an Open Door policy in China. • They believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

17. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • Hay sent notes to countries with leaseholds in China asking to keep ports open to all nations. • Hay expected all powers would abide by this plan. • Secret Chinese societies were organized to end foreign control. • Members of the Boxers started the Boxer Rebellion. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

18. The Boxers, also known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, were members of a secret society opposed to foreign influence in China. The “last straw” before the rebellion broke out may have been a reaction to a made up story from a Denver, Colorado newspaper that reported that China had contracted an American company to demolish the Great Wall of China as a demonstration of their commitment to open up to world trade. The story made its way to the east coast and then to China, and once the Boxers got hold of it they felt it was an insult for a Western firm to be hired to destroy something that represented the past glory of China. FYI 3-1a

19. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • Group members invaded foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners and took others prisoner. • An international force stopped the rebellion in August 1900. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

20. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize in 1906 for his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

21. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • After the peace treaty between Japan and Russia, relations between the United States and Japan worsened. • Each nation wanted greater influence in Asia. • They agreed to respect each other’s territorial possessions, to uphold the Open Door policy, and to support China’s independence. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

22. American Diplomacy in Asia(cont.) • The Great White Fleet, 16 battleships of the new United States Navy, was sent around the world to show the country’s military strength. • Visiting Japan did not help the tension that already existed. (pages 409–411) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

23. “Can you hear me now?” The first use of the Wireless Telephone was aboard the ships of the Great White Fleet to communicate between ships and to communicate with shore stations. FYI 2-1a

24. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

25. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • A French company that had begun to build a canal through Panama offered to sell its rights and property in Panama to the United States. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

26. The inspiration for the French to want to build the Panama Canal was based largely on the success that they had with the construction of the Suez Canal in Egypt. This cut down the European route to the Far East (India, China and Japan). FYI 3-1a

27. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean The biggest failure for the French was not the terrain, but disease. Yellow Fever and Malaria killed more than 20,000 French workers. American doctors were able to wipe out Yellow Fever and contain Malaria and as a result “only” 5600 Americans died during the ten year project. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

28. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia, which refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal. • Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia and make their own deal with the United States to build the canal. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

29. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • The short uprising against Colombia was supported by the United States, which sent ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from interfering. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

30. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • The United States recognized Panama’s independence, and the two nations signed a treaty to have the canal built. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

31. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • Construction of the 50-mile canal took ten years. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

32. Science Constructing the Panama Canal involved three main engineering projects. First, the workers had to excavate the Gaillard Cut, which was 300 feet (91 meters) wide across the isthmus. CC 3-1

33. Science Next, they had to build a dam across the Chagres River to create an artificial lake. CC 3-1

34. Science The hardest job was digging the Gaillard Cut, because the hill through which the cut runs consists of soft volcanic material. When workers dug a hole, more rock and earth would slide into the space or push up from below. CC 3-1

35. Regulating the Canal Water flows in an out of the locks by gravity, so no pumps are needed. Locks are used to handle changes in elevation along the course of the canal and in tide level near the seacoast. Cut is an engineering term for an artificially created passageway or channel. You Don’t Say 3-2b

36. A bit of TRIVIA When a ship passes through the Panama Canal going on a westward journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific they actually travel southEAST through Panama. FYI 3-1a

37. More than a “photo-op” In 1906 President Roosevelt went to the Panama Canal to visit the project. It was the first time in our nation’s history that a sitting President had left the United States. FYI 3-1a

38. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • It shortened the distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean by about 8,000 nautical miles. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

39. Give it Back like its 1999 In 1977 a treaty was signed that gave the Panama Canal back to Panama effective December 31,1999. FYI 3-1a

40. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

41. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • The corollary was first applied to the Dominican Republic when it fell behind in its debt payments to European nations. • Latin American nations resented the growing American influence. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

42. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean(cont.) • The new president of the United States, William Howard Taft, continued Roosevelt’s policies. • He believed that if American business leaders supported Latin American development, everyone would benefit. • His policy came to be called dollar diplomacy. (pages 412–413) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-20

43. Many U.S. legislators opposed Roosevelt’s corollary, claiming that his actions were unconstitutional because it was the Senate’s right to make such decisions. Most Americans approved of the corollary, however, so the Senate agreed in 1907 to a treaty that maintained United States control of Dominican customs. FYI 3-3c

44. Why It Matters Transparency

45. End of Section 3