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Human Geography

Chapter 11-Population. Human Geography.

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Human Geography

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  1. Chapter 11-Population Human Geography

  2. Population Quick facts1. Over the course of human civilization population was fairly stable, growing only slowly until about 1 AD.  From this point on growth in the human population accelerated more rapidly and soon reached exponential proportions, leading to more than a quadrupling within the last century. 2. It took all of human history up to the early 1800s for world population to reach 1 billion people, and until 1960 to reach 3 billion. Today, the world gains 1 billion people every 11 years. 3. The world population reached 6 billion in 1999.4. Today , 76 million people are added to the Earth’s population every year. This rate of increase is of greater concern than the numbers themselves.5. World population had reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population

  3. World Population Growth • 3 times greater in the 20th century • 6 billion in 1999 • 7 billion in 2011 • 8 billion by 2025-YouTube - World Population: 7 Billion in Two Years

  4. developed countries-acountry with a highly developed economy, with a strong service sector and often an industrial base, high standards of living with high levels of literacy, health services, and food supplies • developing countries- a country with an economy that depends more on primary industries, and citizens have a lower standard of living than those in developed countries

  5. Demography-statistical study of the characteristics, trends, and issues of human populations census- done every 10 years in Canada and a general one every 5 years; this is the most complete way to gather information about population. All Canadians are required by law to be counted in the census. A selection of people has to give more detailed information about their accommodation, income, etc.

  6. Why are census data less accurate in developing countries? • Registration of births and deaths is not as complete. • Census takers may not be able to reach remote area. • People in shanty towns are not counted because they are not permanent residents of cities. • Some avoid census takers out of fear of authorities

  7. Population Rates • Components of population change: • How many people are born (birth rate) • How many die (death rate) • How many move in or out (immigration rate or emigration rate) • Births-deaths+immigrants-emigrants=increase or decrease in population • Demographers use rates per thousand when figuring population change using birth rates and death rates. • Subtracting deaths from births gives the rate of natural increase. • Birth rate is the number of children born in a region for every 1000 people. • Canada’s birth rate is 10.6 children per 1000 Canadians. • Death rate is the number of people who die in a region for every 1000 people. • Canada’s death rate is 7.4 deaths per 1000 Canadians.

  8. Rule of Seventy • Length of time it would take for a population to double in size. • Doubling time= 70 divided by the growth rate (in %) per year. • For example Gabon: 70 divided by 1.77 ( natural increase)=39.5 years. • Migration • Population increase in Canada depends on immigration. • Emigrants leaving the country each year also affects the demography. • Most immigrants to Canada come as economic migrants from developing countries, others as refugees escaping persecution in their home country. • emigration-leaving a country to live elsewhere—Emigrate from Poland to Canada • immigration-coming into a country to live—Immigrate to Canada from Greece • migration-moving from one area to another (within a country-aka internal migration)

  9. The Demographic Revolution • Thomas Hobbes describes life in 1651 as “ poor, nasty, brutish, and short ” • Life expectancy was 30 years • Why? Disease, poor medical care, poor nutrition, unsanitary living conditions • After 1750 death rates declined • Why? Increases in food production (agricultural revolution),better diets, clean drinking water, hygiene, and vaccinations • Eventually there were decreases in the birth rates in the more developed countries • Why? People began to move into cities (children were not as needed to work in fields), increase in the standard of living, and economic development

  10. Demographic Transition Model :changes over a period of time in three elements : birth rates, death rates, and trends in overall population numbers. Stage 1 : High birth rates and high fluctuating death rates result in small population growth. Why? Plagues, diseases, and poor nutrition keep mortality high. (many countries in Africa today) Stage 2 : Birth rates are still high, so there is a rapid increase in population numbers. Why? Improved health care, sanitation, and increased food supplies lead to a rapid fall in death rates. (Kenya) Stage 3 : Population growth begins to decline. Birth rates begin to fall. Why? Industrialization, urbanization, and improved living standards lead to less desire for large families. (China)

  11. Stage 4 : The transition is complete to a low growth rate with low birth rates and death rates. The birth rate may fluctuate in special circumstances, such as the post-war « baby boom ». (Canada) • Stage 5 : Birth rates drop below death rates. This is happening in some European countries and in Japan. It is not known if this trend will extend to other regions. (Austria) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dK3mL35nkk&feature=related-watch clip

  12. Fertility Rate: Number of children a woman can have over her lifetime Problems Very High Birth Rates -insufficient medical services- high infant mortality -insufficient government funds for education of a large, young population. Very Low Birth Rates -a shortage of workers and entrepreneurs for the future, unless countries accept high levels of immigration. -fewer young people to care for aging parents, resulting in expensive care facilities Canada Now -has a low death rate and a falling birth rate Stage 4 right now in the demographic transition model.

  13. Population divided into 3 groups: Children up to the age of 15 Working adults from ages 16-64 Adults 65 and older Dependency ratio: proportion of the population that is being supported by the working age group. Children and older people put pressure on society for medical, education, housing , and other services. In 2006 Census, Canada’s population included 17.7% children and 13.7 % adults 65 and older, giving it a dependency load of 31.4%. A country like Bangladesh has a dependency load of 38.6%, made up of 34.6% children and 4 % adults aged 65 and older. http://coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/Year%2010/Human%20World/Youthful%20Populations/population_dependency.htm

  14. Population Pyramids • Population Pyramid : a graph that shows the age and sex structure of a population. • A series of horizontal bar graphs for the male and female populations are placed back to back at age intervals of five years, called cohortsstructure of a population. • Countries with high birth rates have many children and an expanding population. A stable population will have birth rates and death rates in balance, and a contracting population will have below higher death rates than birth rates. • In general • expanding pyramids=developing nations (see two to the right) • Stable pyramids=developed countries • (see next page) Expanding Early Expanding

  15. Contracting Stable Watch population pyramid video

  16. A couple of nice websites with examples and questions! http://www.cdli.ca/courses/geog3202/unit06_org03_ilo02/b_activity.html http://www.footwork.com/pyramids.asp

  17. Can you match these population pyramids to the demographic transition model? Take a few minutes with a partner and look at the DTM and match it with population pyramids For each stage! • http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php • http://www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_movie=/flash/d03/EN/D03WebSon.swf&titre=Population%20pyramid&lg=en • http://www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_movie=chargement.swf?_movie=simulateur.swf&lg=en&titre=Population%20simulator&lg=en&jeu=ok • http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/animat/edu06a_0000-eng.htm • New use this one above!

  18. Canada’s population : The Past and the Future • Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been dropping steadily over the past 30 years. • Population is getting older • In 1951, 1 in 13 Canadians were over 65 years of age. • In 2020, 1 in 5 will be over that age. • Life expectancy is now 81 years • Why is an aging population considered a problem? • Increase in medical and social servicesgovernment will need to spend money • Fewer children to look after aging parents. • Puts pressure on health care system to provide more long-term care for the elderly. • Cost of health services for the aged continues to rise as medical technology becomes more complex. • What are the effects of migration? • Increase in immigrantsIncrease in workers & entrepreneurs • Increase in immigrantsPayments of social and medical services due to taxes • What if there was no immigration? • Population decreases • Aging population increases

  19. The One-Child Policy-China’s solution Mountains and cold desert prevent western China from supporting many people. 1980-the government imposed the one-child policy to combat a 900 million people population and a 1.57 percent annual growth rate Results of the Policy Positive : birth rate cut in half rapidly. worked well in urban areas where people recognized it allowed them luxuries. two children permitted if the first born was a daughter or was disabled. Negative : sons are valued as labourers and ‘old age security’ so forced abortion and infanticide can occur if the first-born is a girl especially in rural areas ‘LittleEmperorSyndome’ -single-child families have evolved where child feels no obligation to family or society. The policy is often ignored in rural areas China’s population pyramid http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/images/anim/ch_all2.gif--click on bottom image during ppt http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Watch China Video

  20. Where do Six Billion- Plus People Live? Why are there more people in some areas of the world than in other parts? Population distribution : the way people are spaced over the earth’s surface. Population density : number of people in given area of land. (square kilometre)

  21. World Population Distribution – Dependent on the GEOGRAPHY! The most densely populated areas are north of the equator : Europe, Asia Relationship to Landforms : Lowland areas- are the most heavily populated (coastlines and river valleys in, for example India, China, and Egypt) Highland areas- sparsely populated, rugged and cold, exception being in Switzerland, Japan, Java and Philippines. Relationships to Climate : very low populations in extremely cold and dry regions, some exceptions being Israel (irrigations) and Kuwait (oil wealth).

  22. What are the limits of population growth? • According to Thomas Malthus in 1798, disaster will over-take populations in the world’s poorest developing countries. • Neo-Malthusians predict increasing shortages of arable land to grow enough food, conflicts over fresh water, declining fish stocks, and the spread of AIDS or other diseases. Africa will be most vulnerable to these threats. • They believe migrations, technology, and new farming lands cannot solve the problems in the poorest developing countries. • Carrying capacity- the number of people and animals that can be sustained by an area of land. • Nutritional densities: how much nutrition (in calories) can be produced from the land • Area with good soil, adequate temperature, and rain for plants to grow have a higher nutritional density • In the developing world, nutritional density is low • Can the population of the world be fed? Countries with poor nutrition

  23. http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/activities/population.htmlhttp://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/activities/population.html

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