Liberty School World History Ms. Stephanie Custodio

1. LibertySchoolWorldHistoryMs. Stephanie Custodio Chapter 1- TheBeginnings of Human Society

2. Geography and History Section 1

3. Introduction • He iscalledtheIceman. Hisfrozenbodywasfound in a mountainpass in theAlps, ontheItalian-Austrianborder in Europebytwohikers in 1991. • Hisclothing, tools, and hisbodywerewellpreserved. Theyprovidedcluesthathelpedbuild a story of hislife. • ScientistsdeterminedthattheIcemanlivedabout 5,000 yearsago, about 3,000B.C.

4. UnderstandingHistory • Prehistory:the time beforewriting. • History: thewritten and otherrecordedevents of people. • People in Southwest Asia and in Africadeveloped a system of writingabout 5,000 years ago. Thisdevelopmentmarkedthebeginning of history. • Archaeologist: Scientistwho examines objects to learnaboutthe human past. • Scientistsmustrelyoncluesotherthanwritten records to learnaboutlife in prehistoric times. They look for: • Bones • Tools • Otherobjects

5. Historiansalsostudythewritten records of human life and accomplishments to understand a society – itswars, religion, and itsrulers, amongotherthings. • Theyalso look at whatothergroups living at thesame time wroteaboutthatsociety. • Oraltraditions: storiespasseddownbyword of mouth. • Oral traditions can includea family’shistory(stories of grandparents, parents and great-grandparents), orstoriesaboutheroesorevents in thepast. • Notallstories are accurate and theyoftencontainactsmixedwith personal beliefs and exaggerationsaboutheroes.

6. LinkingGeography and History • Geography: thestudy of Earth’ssurface and theprocessesthatshapeit. • Italsorefers to thefeatures of a place: itsclimate, landscape, and location. • Knowingtheconnectionsbetweengeography and historyisoftenthekey to understandingwhyeventshappened: • Weatherpatterns, thewatersupply, thelandscpae of the place, theyallaffectpeoplethatlive in a place. • Example: Egyptiancilizationbuiltonthebanks of theNileRiver.

7. What do scientistsstudy to learnaboutprehistory? • What do weknowaboutsocietiesthatleavebehindwritten records? • Analyzetheclothesyouwear and thethingsyoucarry to school. What do theysayaboutyourlife? Howdoesyourstory comprare to theIceman’sstory? • Namesomeexamples of familiar geographicfeatures. • How can geographyhelpus to understandhistory? • Whateffect has geographyhadonthewaypeople in yourcommunitylive? Section 1 Assessment Comprehension and CriticalThinking

8. Prehistory Section 2

9. Introduction • Aboutthree and a halfmillionyearsago, a hugeexplosionshook a part of East Africa. A volcanospitoutclouds of fine ashthatfellon a surroundingland. Then rain came. Itturnedtheblanket of ashintothickmud. Beforethemuddried, twoindividualswalkedacrossthelandscape. As theywalked, theylefttheirfootprints in themud.

10. In 1976, a group of scientistsdiscoveredthefootprintspreserved in stone. Theywereamazed at theirfind. Thefootprints are almostidentical to thosemadebymodernhumanswalking in wetsand. • Hominids: a termthatrefersboth to modernhumans and to earliergroupsthatmayhaveincludedancestorsorrelatives of modernhumans.

11. Stone Age Culture • Stone Age:periodduringwhichhominids, includingmodernhumans, madelastingtoolsmainlyfromstone. • Theyalsomadetoolsfromwood and animal bones. • Scientistsbelievethe Stone Agecontinuedforhundreds of thousands of years, untilpeoplelearned to use metalsfortools. • Archaeologists divide the Stone Ageintothreeperiods: • The Old Stone Age- modernhumans and otherhominidsdidnotyetknowhow to farm • TheMiddle Stone Age- characterizedbythe use of more refinedoradvancedtools • The New Stone Age- whenpeoplebeganthepractice of farming

12. Fire! • Hominidslearnedhow to use firebetweenabout 1,400,000 and 500,000 years ago. • Nobodyknowsforsurehowtheylearned. • Theory #1: oneday a band of hunters saw a grassfirecausedby a lightning and theylearnedhow to keepitgoing. • Theory #2: byrubbingtwostickstogether to produce a spark • Theory #3: bystrikingstonestogether to produce a spark • Withfire, peoplecouldward off dangerousanimals, whowereafraid of fire. • Withtheability to createfire, ourancestorscouldmove to areaswith a colderclimate.

13. Settling New Areas • As earlyhominidsdevelopedthe use of tools, theylefttheir original homes in Africa, aboutonemillionyears ago. • Manyearlyhominidswerenomads:peoplewhohave no settled home. • They moved to findfood, and whentheygatheredallthefoodaroundthem, they moved. • Evidence shows: • Earlyhominidswere living in Asia and Europe at least 500,000 years ago. • Modern humansoriginated more than 100,000 yearsago in Africa and then spread to otherparts of theworld. • 30,000 yearsagohumanscrossedfrom Asia to North America. • By 10,000 B.C. humanshadreached Chile in South America.

15. TheBeginning of Farming • People in southwest Asia discovered, about 11,000 yearsago, thatiftheyplantedtheseeds of wild grasses, new crops of grasseswould come up. • Thisbeganthe New Stone Age in Southwest Asia. • Peoplebegan to growtheirownfood, butstill depended onstonetools. • At thesame time thatpeoplebegan to growtheirownfood, somepeoplebecame pastoral nomads- theyraisedlivestock and traveledfrom place to place in search of grazingareasfortheiranimals. • Womenwereresponsibleforgatheringplants and seeds . Menwereusually hunters.

16. FarmingAroundtheWorld • Some places werebetterforfarmingthanothers: • Soilwas more fertile • Areashadlongsprings and summers • Gentlerains • 9,000 yearsago, Chinesefarmersbegan to grow rice and othercrops. • A littlelaterin Central America, peoplebegan to growcorn, beans, and squash.

18. PlantSelection • Whenpeoplefirstbegan to plantcrops, theycarefullychoseseedsfromthebiggest, best-tastingplants, theybegan to domesticatethem. • Domesticate: to adapt wild plantsortame wild animals and to breedthemfor human use. • Verygradually, thisselection of seeds and rootsfromeachcrop led to thekinds of foodthatweeattoday.

19. RaisingAnimals • Humanslearned to tame wild animals and breedthemfor human use duringthe New Stone Age. • Thefirstdomesticatedanimalsmayhavebeendogs, becausethey’revaluable in hunting. • Peoplealsotamedsheep, goats, and pigsforsources of meat, milk, wool and skins. • Byabout 2500 B.C., cattle, camels, horses and donkeysweretrained to carry heavy loads.

20. TheChallenge of Domestication • Sinceancient times, manyanimalshavebeencaptured in the wild and tamed: • People of Ancient India tamed wild elephants to use in battle. • AncientAssyrians and Egyptianstrained wild cheetahsforhunting. • Humanshavetried and failed to domesticatemanyspeciesoverthecourse of history.

21. Describe howhominids of the Old Stone Agesurvived. • Whatimportantskillsdidhominids of the Old Stone Age use to findfood? • Howdidsurvivalskillschange as peoplebegan to settle? • Whatmarkedthebeginning of the New Stone Age? • Howwaslife in the New Stone Agedifferentfromthelife in the Old Stone Age? • What are theeffects of geography and climateonfarming? Section 2 Assessment Comprehension and CriticalThinking

22. TheBeginnings of Civilization Section 3

23. Introduction • Under a fiercedesertsun, longlines of people are digging a trenchthatwillsoonbecome a deep canal. Otherpeoplelift heavy baskets of dirtdugfromthe canal ontotheirshoulders. Theydumpthedirtneartheriverwhereanothercrewisbuilding a hugeearthendam. • These are some of theworld’sfirstconstructionworkers. They are building a system of irrigation. • Irrigation: supplyinglandwithwaterthrough a network of canals.

24. Onepersondirectsthework at eachsite. • Soon, thedamwillhold back thespringfloodwaters of theriver. A group of people are buildingwoodengates in thedam. Officialswill open thegates in thedryseason, allowingwater to flowthroughthecanals and irrigatethegrowingcrops. • Farmingtechniques, likethisirrigationsystemwereimportant in creatingearlycommunities.

25. Advantages of a SettledLife • Althoughfarmingwasmuchharderworkthanhunting and gathering, peoplecouldhave a steadysupply of foodyear-round. • Peopledidnothave to travelfrom place to place. • Peopleoftenhad a food surplus, whichcould be storedfor use at another time. • Surplus- more thanwhatisneeded.

26. ThePopulationGrows • Thehunting-gatheringlifedidnotallowparents to havemanychildren. Now, foodsurpluseswouldfeedmany more people. • Largerfamiliesbroughtrapidpopulationgrowth. • About 10,000 yearsago, thepopulation of theworldwasabout 5 millionpeople. • By 7,000 yearsago, manypeoplehadsettledintothefarminglife. Theworld’spopulationthen, was as much as 20 million.

27. EarlyVillages and Towns • Peoplelived in New Stone Agefarmingsettlementsformanycenturies. As populationincreased, thesettlementsgrewintotowns. • Withfoodsurpluses, peopledidnothave to spendalldayproducingfood, so theyswitched to otherkinds of work. • Somepeoplebecameartisans: a workerwhoisespeciallyskilled at craftingitemsbyhand. Forexample: baskets, leathergoods, tools, pottery, orcloth.

28. TheGrowth of Cities • Citieswere more likely to develop in areaswhererichsoilcreatedlargesurpluses of food. • Peoplealsoneeded a dependablesource of drinkingwater and materials to buildshelters. • Some of theearliestcitiesgrew up alonglargerivers, forexample: • TheNile in Egypt • Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq • TheHuang in China • TheIndus in Pakistan

30. TheEarliestCities • Differencesbetweenearlycities and farmingvillages: • Citieswerelarger. • Citieshadlargepublicbuildings: to store surplus grain, fortheworship of gods, to buy and sellgoods. • In villagesmostpeoplewerefarmers. In cities, workershad a greatvariety of occupations. GovernmentsForm • Governmentsformed as thepopulation of citiesgrew. • Theywere in charge of: • Keepingorder in society • Provideservices • Settle disputes • Managedpublicbuilding and irrigationprojects.

31. TheFirstCivilizations • Over time, some New Stone Agesocietiesgrewintocivilizations. • Civilization: a societythat has cities, a central government run byofficialleaders, and workerswhospecialize in variousjobs. • Writing, art, and architecturealsocharacterize a civilization.

32. TheBronzeAge • By 6,600 B.C., artisans in Europe and Asia discoveredthatmelting a certain rock at hightemperatureswouldseparatethe metal copperfromthe rock. • By 3,300 B.C., artisanshadlearned to mix copperwithtin to make a mixture calledbronze. • Thisdiscovery (maybe accidental) markedthebeginning of the BronzeAge. • Bronzeismuchharderthan copper, so itcouldmakeitems more durable: weapons, tools, helmets, shields, etc.

33. Trade and the Spread of Ideas • Traderstookvaluableitemssuch as pottery, tools, and weapons, baskets, cloth, and spices to farawaycities. Theytradedthisitemsforfood and goodsthatpeople at home wanted. • Byaround 3,500 B.C., peoplehadinventedthewheel and axle. • Withit, tradeloadscould be loadedintocarts and pushedthroughthecity to market. • More goodscould be transportedfarther and more easily. • Tradeoverwateralsodeveloped. • Merchant shipscarriedgoodsacross seas and rivers. • Withallthistravel, peopleof manydifferent cultures cameintocontactwithoneanother. New tools and ideas fromonesocietysoon spread to othersocieties.

34. Social ClassesDevelop • Growingtrade links broughtprosperity to thecities, and prosperity led to thedevelopment of social classes. • Social Class-group of peoplehaving similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living. • Thekingwasthemostimportant and powerfulperson. • Priests of thecity’sreligionwerethesecond in importance, alongwith nobles, whoweregovernmentofficials and militaryofficers. • Belowwereartisans, smalltraders, and merchants. • Commonworkers and farmerswerethelowestranked free members of society. • Slavesformed a separate social class. Most of themworked in cities as householdservants and as laborers. Theywereowned as propertybyotherpeopleand werenot free.

36. Howdidpeople’sliveschangewhentheybegan to produce theirownfood? • Whateffectsdidfoodsurpluseshaveonpeople and populations? • Whatresourceswerenecessaryforvillages to growintocities? • Whatwerethesimilarities and differencesbetweenvillages and cities? • Whatdevelopmentsoccurred as societiesgrewintocivilizations? • Howdidproperity lead to thedevelopment of social classes? • Supposeyou’reanearlytraderbringingtools and weaponsmade of bronze to peoplewhohaveneverseenbronzebefore. Write a speech in whichyou try to persuade thesepeople to tradeforyourbronzegoods. Section 3 Assessment Comprehension and CriticalThinking