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The Cell Cycle. Chromosomes. Chromosomes are condensed strands of ____________. Many, many ____________ fit on one chromosome. Chromosomes. The tips of the chromosomes are called ____________ . Chromosomes are bound in the middle with ____________ .
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Chromosomes • Chromosomes are condensed strands of ____________. • Many, many ____________ fit on one chromosome.
Chromosomes • The tips of the chromosomes are called ____________. • Chromosomes are bound in the middle with ____________. • The long arm of a chromosome is the _____ arm. • The short arm of a chromosomes is the _____ arm.
Weight Height Eye Color Hair Color Genes • A ____________ is a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific ____________.
Tall Medium Brown Eyes Blue Eyes Blonde Red Hair Homologous Pair Chromosomes • Each cell has _____ of each kind of chromosome. • They aren’t exactly alike, but they code for the same ____________. • These are called ____________ ____________.
Chromosomes • Usually chromosomes are all jumbled up. This is called ____________. • Only just before division do they condense down into ____________ chromosomes.
SIMILAR IDENTICAL Chromosomes • Before a cell ____________, the ____________ must duplicate as well. • The two halves of the duplicated chromosomes are called ____________ ____________. They are ____________ alike.
Periods of the Cell Cycle • G1 and G2 – ____________ • S – ____________of DNA • M – ____________(Cell Division) _______________
Cell Division • ____________– Growth and repair • ____________– Creation of sex cells (____________) • ____________ ____________ – Cell division in prokaryotes like bacteria
Mitosis • ____________ division • Duplicated chromosomes are evenly distributed into two ____________ cells • Purposes: • ____________ of single-cell organisms (i.e. amoebas) • ____________ repair • Cell ____________ • ____________ ____________ (i.e. bone lengthening)
Mitosis • All ____________ cells (non-gametes) in an organism have the same number of ____________ and undergo mitosis. • The chromosome number is characteristic of a given ____________ (e.g.humans 46, goldfish 94). • ____________ cells have 2 sets of chromosomes – ____________.
Mitosis • Daughter cells are the ____________ ____________ of the parent cell (they have the same number of ____________ ) • Parent cells are ____________, or ____ – this means they have 2 of each chromosome • After mitosis daughter cells will be ____ as well (if a cell is ____________ or n, it did not go through mitosis – it went through ____________) • If a cell grasshopper’s gland is 2n=24, it has _____ chromosomes • After mitosis the daughter cell will have ____ chromosomes.
____________ • ____________(Mitosis) • ____________(Mitosis) • ____________(Mitosis) • ____________(Mitosis) Let's watch an animation!
Interphase • G1 Phase - First growth phase • 2 pairs of ____________ begin forming • S Phase - DNA is “____________” (chromosomes are ____________) • Each chromosome now consists of 2 replicas called ____________ ____________ held together at the ____________ • ____________ needed for replication produced
Interphase • G2 Phase - second growth phase • Proteins made for division • Completion of replication of ____________ pairs • Cell ____________ and ____________ activities • 90% of time
Prophase • ____________ condenses to form ____________ ____________ • ____________ disappears • Nuclear ____________ breaks down
Spindle Apparatus • Forms during ____________ • Made of ____________ • Spindle fibers pull ____________ where they need to go • Centrioles/____________ at each pole (animals cells) • ____________: region of the cell that organizes the spindle. • Some cancer medications interfere with the formation of a cancer cell’s ____________. So, the ____________ can’t form and the cancer cell can’t go through mitosis.
Metaphase • ____________ formation complete • Chromatids line up at cell's ____________ ____________.
Anaphase • ____________ split • Sister ____________ separate into separate ____________ – ____________ as many chromosomes now! • Chromosomes are drawn to ____________/centrosomes
Telophase • 2 new ____________ • Nuclear ____________ re-forms • ____________ reappears • ____________ disassembles
Cytokinesis • Division of ____________ into 2 daughter cells • Animal cells: ____________ ____________ forms and pinches cell in two • Plant cells: ____________ ____________ forms at equator of cell
Mitosis Let's watch the whole process now. Source: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf