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U UNCG Study: Preliminary Findings in a Cohort of 68 Graduate Students. Robert E. Longo, MRC, LPC, NCC, BCIA-EEG Serendipity Healing Arts Lexington, North Carolina. UNCG Sample. 68 graduate students UNCG Counseling & Education Department Males = 5 Females = 63 Age Range = 21-70
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UUNCG Study: Preliminary Findings in a Cohort of 68 Graduate Students Robert E. Longo, MRC, LPC, NCC, BCIA-EEG Serendipity Healing Arts Lexington, North Carolina
UNCG Sample • 68 graduate students • UNCG Counseling & Education Department • Males = 5 • Females = 63 • Age Range = 21-70 • Average Age = 30
New Mind Mapping System • qEEG provides a method to take EEG recorded from a variety of locations and statistically analyze the data to provide topographical maps. This output can be used to assess clients and develop Neurofeedback protocols. Learning to process and read qEEG reports typically takes years of experience but the New Mind Magnitude Analysis system allows users to obtain a report that is easy to interpret and use even for those with minimal experience interpreting qEEGs. This allows practitioners new to the field to begin immediately using qEEG assessment while learning the ins and outs of qEEG guided Neurofeedback as they grow as Neurofeedback providers- at a price they can afford. The Magnitude Analysis System provides a reference database system that is tailored specifically for clinicians instead of researchers. Instead of using standard deviations the maps provide simple output indicating whether EEG is high or low in the various dimensions of analysis. The cognitive output automatically flags areas of possible problems based on correlations between map output and MRI research. Emotional output information provides similar information based on MRI research and standard neurology texts as well as clinical experience. Clinicians can see at a glance the salient issues likely to be present due to the EEG distribution as well as being provided with an appropriate protocol option.
New Mind Maps Components • Client Info • Client History • Client Physiological (Metabolic Categories) • Client Analyses (ISI & CEC) • Client EEG Analysis (QEEG ~ EC & EO) • Client Session Tracking • Client Progress Tracker • Client Login (Account Information)
What is Interactive Self Inventory? The Interactive Self Inventory Test is a statistically validated instrument based on social psychological dimensions of behavior, many of which correlate with EEG distribution. Practitioners can have clients fill out the questionnaire and acquire an output graph indicating potential problem areas of social interaction that are contributing to the clients problematic social behavior and which are likely to interfere with the neurofeedback process. The approach and avoidant dimensions often correlate with alpha and beta asymmetry while the impulsivity dimension often correlates with theta distribution and is highly correlated with TOVA performance. Anxiety and depression dimensions correlate closely with the Beck inventories as well as EEG distributions. Problem areas can be addressed using the provided 'Guides To Change.'
ISI Categories • Anxiety • Depression • Relaxed • Inhibited • Regulated • Impulsivity • Passivity • Assertiveness • Flexible • Perfectionistic • Co-operative • Competitive • Independence • Dependence • Interactive • Avoidant
ISI Rating • Baseline = 1 • A score below Baseline was rated “0” • A score above Baseline was rated “2” • N Scores were averaged
Avoidant Meta Category Slow Left Hemisphere/Fast Right Sub-Dimensions: Dependent, passive, inhibited, competitive, perfectionistic, impulsive Individuals high in avoidance are typically anxious in nature and frequently susceptible to depression. They are usually shy as children. It is common for them to be uncomfortable in social situations. Their self-confidence is low and they may be suffering from low self-esteem. They may see the world as dangerously unpredictable. They do not feel they have much: • control over things and are hesitant to act. They are reluctant to express their thoughts and feelings for fear of being • ridiculed or manipulated. They have rigid agendas and dislike it when others disagree with them. They tend to entertain a • lot of negative automatic thoughts and emotions (rumination & worry). They see the glass as half empty. They are at risk • for being reactive and defensive. They tend to recover slowly from emotional upsets and negative events. They avoid • conflict and confrontation. They often feel numb and have a muted experience of their own feelings. The may stuff their • feelings and hide their anger. They often have trouble saying “no". They have poor focus, memory, and concentration
NEO PI-R vs. ISI The ISI is not validated. UNCG is looking to see how the ISI compares to the NEO-PI-R. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory, or NEO PI-R, is a psychological personality inventory; a 240-item measure of the Five Factor Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Additionally, the test measures six subordinate dimensions (known as 'facets') of each of the "FFM" personality factors. The test was developed by Paul T. Costa, Jr. and Robert R. McCrae for use with adult (17+) men and women without overt psychopathology. The short version, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), has 60 items (12 items per domain). The NEO PI-R and NEO-FFI were updated in 2010 in a manual called the NEO Inventories for the NEO Personality Inventory-3, NEO Five-Factor Model 3, and NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. While the NEO PI-R is still being published, the NEO-PI-3 and NEO-FFI-3 feature updated normative data and new forms.
The five domains (factors) measured by the NEO PI-R provide a general description of personality, while the facet scales allow more detailed analysis. These five factors and their facet scales include: • Neuroticism (Anxiety, Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability) • Extraversion (Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement-Seeking, Positive Emotions) • Openness to Experience (Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, Values) • Agreeableness (Trust, Modesty, Compliance, Altruism, Straightforwardness, Tender-Mindedness) • Conscientiousness (Competence, Self-Discipline, Achievement-Striving, Dutifulness, Order, Deliberation)
What is Cognitive Emotional Checklist? The Cognitive Emotional Checklist/Presenting Symptoms reports provide an opportunity to neurofeedback practitioners to have their clients go through a list of common cognitive and emotional problems and check off the intensity level of each problem. Using the research from MRI studies, the program will produce qEEG map heads that indicate what areas might be involved in these problems. There is one head that predicts problem areas involving slow wave activity and one head that predicts problem areas involving fast waves. Practitioners can then compare these maps to the Mini-Q maps and look for correlations. In the future the program will do this automatically and indicate where the two measures converge.
Cognitive Emotional Checklist CEC total = 68. The below findings of CEC based upon my ratings of 1-4 Low (blue) = 1 Ok (green) = 2 High (Red) = 3 Very High (yellow) = 4 CEC Average (all Green) is 38.00 Findings • CEC Slow Average 34.0 • CEC Fast Average 36.7 • Generally, the averages were low (low EEG power)
Cognitive/Emotional Checklist Maps ~ Potential problem locationsThe brain maps below indicate potential problem locations. Each location, on the map, displays how strong that potential may be
Answer Question • 2 Do you get lost easily in buildings or malls. • 1 Do you have trouble finding your car in the parking lot. • 1 Do you get stuck on ideas, thoughts or behaviors. • 1 Do you feel aware of everything going on around you all the time. • 1 Do you have trouble doing math. • 1 Do you worry constantly. • 1 Do you find it generally difficult to get motivated • 1 Do you have difficulty paying attention to a boring presentation. • 1 Do you forget what you (did) had to eat the day before. • 1 Do you find yourself wandering while in conversation. • 1 Do you have trouble remembering names.
NewMindMapsEEG Analysis Report EEG Set Name: Ced309964 EEG Report Type: BrainMaster File EEG Set Name: Ced309953 Subject Age: 26 Test Type: Eyes Closed Test Date: 01/26/2010
Magnitude Dominant Frequency
Coherence / Connectivity Phase
Asymmetry SubComponent Analysis
Discriminants Analysis Midline Analysis
SubComponent Analysis Ratings: Low = 1 Okay = 2 High = 3 Findings Delta = 2.36 Low Alpha = 1.75 Low Beta = 2.04 Theta = 1.83 High Alpha = 1.83 Beta = 2.29 High Beta = 2.63
Discriminants Analysis 0.04% 0.06% 0.78% 0.88 N = 8 N = 8 N = 52 N = 49 0.0 = 0 0.0 = 0 0.0 = 0 0.0 = 0 0.25 = 8 0.25 = 4 0.25 = 3 0.25= 0 0.05 = 0 0.50 = 4 0.50= 6 0.50= 5 0.75 = 0 0.75 = 0 0.75 = 18 0.75= 1 1.00 = 0 1.00 = 0 1.00 = 25 1.00= 43
Metabolic Categories • Adrenal Glands • Blood Sugar • Cardio-Vascular • Gall Bladder • Gastrointestinal • Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism • Kidney Function • Liver Function • Pituitary Gland • Somatic
Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are the triangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
Blood Sugar The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. A temporarily elevated blood sugar level may also result from severe stress, such as trauma, stroke, myocardial infarction, surgery, or illness. Intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.
The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is one of the major body systems that makes sure that the muscles and bones are supplied with the proper amount of oxygen and blood. Is an organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and other things to go in and out. We can divide cardiovascular system in two main circulations: the small circulation (from heart to lungs to heart again) and the great circulation (from heart to all body tissues to heart again); the first has the task to oxygenate venous blood, that returns to the heart, whereas the second leads this oxygenate blood through arteries to all body tissues, in order to spread oxygen to every part of the body. Small and great circulation depend on one another, and both start from heart.
The Gall Bladder The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped muscular sack that acts as a storage tank for bile. The bile is made in the liver by liver cells and is sent through tiny ducts or canals to the duodenum (small intestine) and to the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores the bile to have it available in larger quantities for secretion when a meal is eaten. The ingestion of food and especially fats cause the release of a hormone, cholecystokinin, (CCK) which in turn signals the relaxation of the valve at the end of the common bile duct (the sphincter of oddi) which lets the bile enter the small intestine. It also signals the contraction of the gallbladder which squirts the concentrated liquid bile into the small intestine where it helps with the emulsification or breakdown of fats in the meal.
Gastrointestinal Problems Most people will experience gastrointestinal problems of some kind at least once. These types of disorders affect one or more structures in the digestive system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, intestines, colon, and rectum. Common gastrointestinal problems include constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, gastroenteritis, colitis, and irritable bowel disorders. The most common gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea and constipation, are common symptoms of many digestive disorders, but may also exist without underlying disease. In such cases, these are often caused by stress, inadequate exercise, routine changes, or medication. Both diarrhea and constipation may also be caused by dietary changes or inadequacies. Diarrhea, for example, may be the result of eating too much fiber or of eating foods to which one is allergic, while constipation can result from too little fiber or from overeating dairy products.
Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and in vertebrates caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly involve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body.
Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. The condition is often referred to as an "overactive thyroid." Thyroid hormone functions as a controller of the pace of all of the processes in the body. This pace is called metabolism. If there is too much thyroid hormone, every function of the body tends to speed up. It is therefore not surprising that some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, heart racing, hand tremors, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, thinning of the skin, fine brittle hair, and muscular weakness—especially in the upper arms and thighs. More frequent bowel movements may occur, but diarrhea is uncommon. Weight loss, sometimes significant, despite a good appetite may occur, vomiting, and, for women, menstrual flow may lighten and menstrual periods may occur less often.
The Kidneys • The kidneys perform the essential function of removing waste products from the blood and regulating the water fluid levels
The Liver The liver is the largest glandular organ of the body and is divided into four lobes of unequal size and shape. The liver lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. The liver is the largest organ in the human body with many functions: elimination of toxic substances from the blood; regulation of protein metabolism; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism; storage of glycogen and vitamins A,D and B complex vitamins; and, synthesis of most blood components.
The adrenal glands are the triangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively. Pituitary Gland The pituitary is a pea-sized gland that is housed within a bony structure (sellaturcica) at the base of the brain. The pituitary controls the function of most other endocrine glands and is therefore sometimes called the master gland. In turn, the pituitary is controlled in large part by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that lies just above the pituitary. By detecting the levels of hormones produced by glands under the pituitary's control (target glands), the hypothalamus or the pituitary can determine how much stimulation the target glands need.
Somatization Disorder Somatization disorder is a long-term (chronic) condition in which a person has physical symptoms that are caused by psychological problems, and no physical problem can be found. The disorder usually begins before the age of 30 and occurs more often in women than in men. The disorder is more common in people with irritable bowel syndromeirritable bowel syndrome and chronic pain. People with this disorder have many physical complaints that last for years and can involve any body system. Most often, the complaints involve chronic pain and problems with the digestive system, nervous system, and reproductive system.
Some of the many symptoms that can occur with somatization disorder include: • Abdominal pain • Amnesia • Back pain • Bloating • Chest pain • Diarrhea • Difficulty swallowing • Dizziness • Excessive menstrual bleeding • Headaches • Impotence • Irregular menstruation • Joint pain • Nausea • Pain during intercourse • Pain during urination • Painful menstruation • Pain in the legs or arms • Palpitations • Paralysis or muscle weakness • Sexual apathy • Shortness of breath • Vision changes • Vomiting
Summary of Initial Findings Most Students Report: Fatigue, Insomnia Most Students report Physiological symptoms that are adrenal glad related (i.e., worn out) Most show EEG related to stress/anxiety
North Carolina Biofeedback Society Go to our web site at: http://www.ncbiofeedback.org/
Contact Information Web site: www.roblongo.com E-mail: RobertLongoLPC@gmail.com NEARI Press: • http://www.neari.com/catalogue_01.html