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Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions. Psychological problems that make sexual fulfillment especially difficult for some people who develop unusual sexual interests that are difficult to satisfy in a socially acceptable manner. Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards.
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Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions Psychological problems that make sexual fulfillment especially difficult for some people who develop unusual sexual interests that are difficult to satisfy in a socially acceptable manner.
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards • Degeneracy Theory (1750’s) Simon Tissot • Semen necessary for male physical and sexual vigor • Abstinence Theory (1830’s) Graham and Kellogg • “Secret vice” causes physical symptoms & insanity • Ritualized Homosexuality (E.G. Sambia) • Semen conservation and female pollution • Homosexuality and American Psychology • Sickness. Change in DSM II 1973 (2-6%)
Sexual and Gender Variants • Paraphilias- group of persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required for full sexual satisfaction. • Characterized by a compulsive quality. • Distinguished by the insistence and relative exclusivity with which sexuality focuses on the acts or objects in question without which orgasm is often impossible. • Relational dissatisfaction with partner who discovers themselves to be an object in the paraphilic’s drama.
The Paraphilias I. • Fetishism • Sexual variant in which sexual interest centers on some inanimate object or nonsexual part of the body. • Transvestic Fetishism • Achievement of sexual arousal and satisfaction by dressing as a member of the opposite sex. • Voyeurism • Achievement of sexual arousal through clandestine “peeping”. • Exhibitionism • Intentional exposure of genitals to others without their consent.
Paraphilias II. • Sexual Sadism • Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification by inflicting physical or psychic pain or humiliation on a sexual partner. • Sexual Masochism • Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification from experiencing pain or degradation in relating to a lover. • Frotteurism • Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification from rubbing against a non-consenting person.
Paraphilias: Causal Factors • Male • Visual Sexual Imagery • Perhaps men are more dependent on physical stimuli more than women. • Current hit on internet pornography sites for females 45% • Erotic Target Location Theory • Application of classical conditioning to sexual preferences • Most have more than one.
Paraphilias: Treatment • Aversion Therapy • Electric Shock • Assisted Covert Sensitization • Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Sexual Abuse • Sexual contact that involves physical aor psychological coercion or at least one individual who cannot reasonably consent to contact. • Childhood Sexual Abuse • Definition (rates 5-30%) • Related to ptsd, personality disorders, dissociative symptoms, aversion to sex, sexual inappropriateness, low self-esteem, etc. • False Memory Syndrome
Sexual Abuse II. • Pedophilia • A paraphilia in which an adult’s preferred or exclusive sexual partner is a prepubertal child. • Treatment • Cognitive Restructuring • Social Skills Training • Castration • High recidivism rate 25-50%
Human Sexuality • Considered One of the Major Motives of Life
Sexual Dysfunctions • Definition- Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it. • Four Phases of Human Sexual Response • Desire Excitement • Excitement Plateau • Orgasm Orgasm • Resolution Resolution • Dysfunction can occur at any of the first three phases.
Sexual Dysfunction: Prevalence • Altogether 45% of men and 55% of women reported some dysfunction during the last year. • Women • 33% report lack of sexual interest • 24% report inability to experience orgasm • Men • 29% reported climaxing to early • 17% reported sexual anxiety • 16% reported lack of sexual interest
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire • Sexual Desire Disorders • Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder • A sexual dysfunction in which a person shows little or no sexual drive or interest. • Sexual Aversive Disorder • A sexual dysfunction in which the person shows extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, all genital sexual contact with a partner
Dysfunction of Sexual Arousal • Male Erectile Disorder • A sexual dysfunction in which a man is unable to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for successful sexual intercourse (impotence). • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder • A sexual dysfunction involving the absence of sexual arousal feelings and unresponsiveness to most or all forms of erotic stimulation.
Orgasmic Disorders • Premature Ejaculation • Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation, occurring before, at, or shortly after penetration and before the man wants it to. • Male Orgasmic Disorder • A persistent delay in the ability to ejaculate or an inability to ejaculate during intercourse following a normal sexual excitement phase. • Female Orgasmic Disorder • Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase.
Dysfunctions Involving Physical Pain • Vaginismus (see next slide) • Involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse. • Dyspareunia • Painful coitus (typically has an organic cause) • Functional Dyspareunia- psychologically based problem related to aversion to sexual intercourse.
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction:consider Pro and Cons • Medication (viagra) • Erectile and perhaps female sexual arousal. • Sensate Focus • Orgasmic, Vaginismus • Use of Dilators of Increasing Size • Vaginismus • Cognitive-Behavioral (see next slide) • Dyspareunia, vaginismus, erectile, premature