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Microscope

Microscope. Basics. Microscope Care. Always carry with 2 hands Only use lens paper for cleaning Do not force knobs Always store covered Keep objects clear of desk and cords. Microscope Parts. Eyepiece. Body Tube. Revolving Nosepiece. Arm. Objective Lens. Stage. Stage Clips.

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Microscope

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  1. Microscope Basics

  2. Microscope Care • Always carry with 2 hands • Only use lens paper for cleaning • Do not force knobs • Always store covered • Keep objects clear of desk and cords

  3. Microscope Parts Eyepiece BodyTube RevolvingNosepiece Arm ObjectiveLens Stage StageClips CoarseFocus Diaphragm FineFocus Light Base Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base.

  4. Using the Microscope • Place the Slide on the Microscope • Use Stage Clips • Click Nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting • Look into the Eyepiece • Use the Coarse Focus

  5. What’s my power? To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective. What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives we have on our microscopes?

  6. We can see better details with higher the powers of magnification, but we cannot see as much of the image. Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification? Comparing Powers of Magnification

  7. Chapter 1 Cells: The Basic Units of Life Sections 1-3 Pages 2-27

  8. Cells and the Cell Theory • ______________in 1665 built a microscope • Looked at cork from trees and saw tiny “______”, he called them ______(little rooms) • Hooke spent most time looking at ______and ________because they we easy to see since the had ______ ______.

  9. Finding Cells in other Organisms • Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1673 built a microscope • He examined • Named the organisms _________“little animals” • Today we call these “little animals” __________

  10. Finding Cells in other Organisms • Leeuwenhoek also examined _______ _____ • Noticed differences in the _____of animal blood cells (humans had round/flat cells while fish, birds and frogs were oval) • 1st person to see _______ • Discovered yeast to make bread dough rise are _____ _____organisms

  11. Cell Theory…200 years later • Schwann wrote the first two parts of the cell theory (1839) • All… • The cell is the… • Virchow added the third part of theory (1858) 3. All….

  12. Cell Size • Most cells are very small because if a cell’s volume gets too large, the cell’s ______ _____will not be able to take in enough nutrients or get rid of wastes fast enough to keep cells alive. • Use the surface area-to –volume ratio= Surface area/volume Example: page 6

  13. Parts of a cell-Cell Membrane • All cells are … • Protective layer and … • Controls materials…

  14. Inside the Cell- Cytoplasm

  15. Organelles • Organelles …

  16. Two Kinds of Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotic Has cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, and DNA HAS A _______ • Has cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, and DNA • NO __________ • 2 types:___________ and ___________

  17. Genetic Material • All cells contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • DNA carries …. • In some cells, DNA is enclosed in the _________ • The nucleus is a membrane bound organelle that…

  18. Eubacteria • Most common _____ • Called ________ • No nucleus, has DNA • Contain _______ • Strong web like ____ _____ • _______can be in water, soil and living on or inside you!

  19. Archaebacteria • Called ________ • Similar to bacteria except have different _________ • Three types: 1. _____loving 2. _____loving 3. _______making

  20. Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotes • Larger than _________cells • Have a _______and membrane bound organelles • __________(many cells) like animals and plants

  21. Cell Wall • Some eukaryotic cells have ____ _____ • Cell Wall: • Plants and algae have a cell wall which is made of ________(complex sugar humans cant digest…FIBER)

  22. Cell Wall in a Plant Cell • Cell wall • Protect and support the enclosed substances (_______) • Resist entry of ______water into the cell • Give ______to the cell

  23. Cell Wall in a Plant Cell • Cell wall • Fungi (_____ and _______) • Chitin • Large empty spaces… • freely permeable

  24. Cell Membrane • All cells have cell membrane, .. • Protective barrier • Contains proteins, lipids and phospholipids (___and _________) • Lipids are a

  25. Cell Membrane • Phospholipids- • Lipids are water fearing or ___________ • The lipid ends of the phospholipids are the inner part of the cell membrane • The phosphorus ends are water loving or __________. • The phosphorus ends form the outer part of the cell membrane

  26. Cell Membrane’s 2 Main Functions • Encloses the cell and • It also controls the movement of

  27. Cytoskeleton • A web of proteins in the __________ • Acts as muscle and a skeleton (_______ and _________) • Can help cell ______ • Made of 3 types of _______(one is a hollow tube, the other two are long and stringy)

  28. Nucleus • Large organelle in _________ cells • Contains cell’s _____ or _________ • DNA contains information on how to make a ______ ________ • Covered by ____ ____________ • Materials pass through this double membrane through _____ • Most cells have a ___________in the center of the nucleus (which stores materials that will be used to make ribosomes)

  29. Ribosomes • Organelles that make _______ • _________of organelles • ______ ______or are attached to _____ _______ • Proteins are made within the _________ • Proteins are made of _____ ______(20 of them) • All cells need protein to ____

  30. Proteins - Structure • Proteins made up of ____ _______called amino acids • There are ____common amino acids • How the amino acids ______and their _____determine the type of protein made

  31. Proteins - Function • Much of the ________of a cell is made of protein, including the _________inside. • Proteins can be _______ • Enzymes are a type of protein that ….

  32. Nucleic Acids • These are very long organic molecules made of ________, ________, ________, _______and _________. • Two kinds: RNA and DNA • DNA- • RNA-

  33. Endoplasmic Reticulum • A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are made. • ________ _______ _______of the cell • Rough ER: covered in ________, makes proteins • Smooth ER: makes ______and breaks down ______ ________

  34. Mitochondria (Mitochondrion) • _______ _____of cell • Breaks down _____for energy • Covered by _____membranes • Have their own _____ • Can ______within a cell • Most eukaryotic cells have ___________

  35. Mitochondria • Energy released by mitochondria is stored in a substance called ____(adenosine triphosphate) • ______is used to do “work” • _______made at several places in a cell but most made in the mitochondria

  36. Chloroplasts • Animal cells can not make their own food but plants and algae can using the ___________ • _______________(sun+CO2+H2O=sugar+O2) sugar made helps make ATP in mitochondria • Chloroplasts have …. • Green in color because of __________(green pigment) inside

  37. Golgi Complex • ________, _______and ________ proteins • Named after discoverer (Camillo Golgi) • Looks like ____ • Creates “bubble” or a ________(small sac) that ________materials within the cell

  38. Cellular Digestion • Lysosomes: responsible for digestion 1. 2. 3.

  39. Vacuoles • Large ________ • In plant and fungal cells • Some act like _______ • Some store _______

  40. Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Different kinds of plant cells

  41. white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell sperm cheek cells nerve cell Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

  42. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells • Both have • Both have a • Both contain

  43. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively in size Relatively in size shape shape No present

  44. Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells small or absent Large central granules as food store granules as food store Nucleus at the Nucleus near

  45. Benefits of Being Multicellular • _________ ____: larger than a single celled organism. Larger have less predators and have more choices of prey. • _______ _____: Not limited to any single cell. • ___________: More efficient since each cell has a job.

  46. Cells Working TogetherTissue- group of cells working together to perform a specific job Animals have 4 types of tissue: Plants have 3 types of tissue: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

  47. Organ • Different tissues group together to • ______:consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels • ______:consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

  48. The Structures of a Leaf Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma

  49. The Structures of a Heart

  50. System • Several organs and tissues work together to Human :digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems Plant :root and shoot systems

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