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Headings Vocabulary Important Information

Headings Vocabulary Important Information. Terminology. Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities Histo = Tissue … ology = study of Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased Patho = disease. Four Main Types. Epithelial

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Headings Vocabulary Important Information

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  1. Headings Vocabulary Important Information

  2. Terminology • Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities • Histo = Tissue • …ology = study of • Pathologists– Study of cells and tissue; diseased • Patho = disease

  3. Four Main Types • Epithelial • Body surfaces, hollow organs, glands • Connective • Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat • Muscle • Movement and force application • Nervous • Stimulates action potential to activate body functions

  4. Germ Layers • Ectoderm– The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the epidermis of skin • Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue, blood, muscles • Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary bladder,and respiratory tract

  5. Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types • Tight Junctions– Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines

  6. Anchoring (Adhesion) Junction (Desmosomes) • – Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart uterus outer skin http://youtu.be/XdaUthOUvIo

  7. Gap Junction • Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction,pain

  8. Functions: Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion Divisions: • Covering andLining 2.Glandular Epithelium

  9. Tissue Arrangements Layer Arrangement Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Single Layer Two or More layers One layer of mixed cells Osmosis, Diffusion, Absorption, Secretion Mucus Secretion And Movement Protect underlying tissues In areas of wear and tear

  10. Cell Shapes Cell Shapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Flat Thick Cubed Tall, Cylindrical Varies

  11. A. Simple Squamous • Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes • Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose, and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine)

  12. B. Simple Cuboidal • Function: Secretion and Absorption • Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova)

  13. C. Ciliated Simple Columnar • Function: Moves fluids and particles along passageways • Location: Found in respiratory tract (mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal→ Runny Nose) Cilia

  14. C. Non-Ciliated Columnar • Function: Microvilli secretion and Absorption • Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile)

  15. A. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action • Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation)

  16. B. Stratified Squamous • Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin; vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue • Location: • Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin • Non-Keratinized = Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina, Tongue)

  17. C. Stratified Cuboidal • Functions:Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands • Location:Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT)

  18. D. Transitional Epithelium • Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary. • Stretched = Squamous • Relaxed = Cuboidal   • Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder

  19. Glandular Epithelium

  20. A. Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine • Function: Produce hormones • Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries,Testicles

  21. B. Exocrine Glands • Merocrine (or Eccrine) secretion • Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely • Salivary Glands • Apocrine secretion • Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell • Mammary gland • Holocrine secretion • Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product • Sebaceous Gland (Acne)

  22. Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat

  23. Connective Tissue • Three basic characteristics- • 1.Cell Types • Fibroblasts– Large, flat immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical secretion of matrix compds • Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis • Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphocoyte ~ Antibodies • Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants)

  24. 2.Ground Substance (Matrix) • Hyaluronic Acid • Cell binding, wound healing • Chondroitin Sulfate • Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage • Dermatan Sulfate • skin, tendons, heart valves • Keratan Sulfate • Bone, Cartilage

  25. 3.Fibers (Matrix) • Collagen – Strength for tissues, most abundant • Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size

  26. Hyaline Cartilage Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Adipose Loose Con. Tissue Nervous Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Smooth Muscle Tissue Bone Connective Tissue

  27. Calcium Haversian Canal Compact vs. Spongy • Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming)

  28. Cartilage

  29. Chondrocyte Ground Substance Lacuna • Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic • Smooth surface for reduction of friction • Movement of Joints, Flexibility • Support (Trachea), Ossification

  30. Fibrocartilage • Extremely tough • Acts as a shock absorber • Ex: ball and socket joints, intervertebral disc

  31. Elastic Cartilage • Abundance of elastin for stretching capability • Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx

  32. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

  33. Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength • Strong attachment for Tendons (Muscle to Bone), Ligaments (Bone to Bone)

  34. Loose Connective Tissue

  35. Fibroblasts Elastin Collagen • Provides strength, elasticity, and support to subcutaneous layer and pappilary regions of skin • Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers

  36. Nucleus Fat Storage Blood Vessel Insulation Energy Reserves

  37. Adipose Fat (White): • Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage

  38. Adipose Fat (Brown): • Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver • After infants grow up, most of the mitochondria (gives the brown color) disappears, becomes similar to white fat. • Recent Research=brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle

  39. Loose Conn. TissueReticular Cartilage • Reticular – Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)

  40. Oxygen Transport • Clotting (platelets) • Immunity (WBC’s) • Nutrient delivery

  41. Movement and force application

  42. Composes the heart wall • Functions in pumping blood to all parts of the body • Intercalated discs contain Gap Junctions (Communication) & Desmosomes (Anchor)

  43. Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Attached to bones by tendons • Functions in body movements, posture, thermogenesis • Only Muscle tissue controlled voluntarily

  44. Smooth Muscle Tissue • Forms walls of many internal organs ie: Stomach, GI tract, Uterus, Anus • Functions in motion of internal organs

  45. Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia • Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response to action potential (Sensory, Motor, Interneuron) • Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli • Axons – Conductor of impulse Axon Dendrite Nucleus

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