Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

1. Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

2. Map of Europe 1500

3. Timeline of Major Events 1428-Italy-Florence-Masaccio perfects law of perspective 1434-Italy-Florence-Cosimo Medici comes to control oligarchy in Florence 1447-Italy-Milan-Francesco Sforza takes control of Milan 1450-1485-England-War of the Roses 1452-1519-Italy-Leonardo da Vinci 1453-Byzantine-Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks 1455-Germany-Mainz-Guttenberg’s printing press, creates Guttenberg’s Bible 1463-France-Italy-Charles VIII invades Italy, brings down Medicis 1475-1564-Italy-Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel

4. Timeline Continued • 1478-1502-Spain-Cardinal urges Ferdinand & Isabella - Spanish Inquisition • 1483-1520-Raphael-frescoes at Vatican • 1490-Italy-Oration of Dignity of Man by Mirandola • 1493-Holy Roman-Maximillian I • 1494-Italy-Florence-French expelled Medicis from Florence • 1509-England-Henry VIII succeeded the English thrown • 1511-England-The Praise of Folly by Erasmus • 1513-Italy-The Prince by Machiavelli • 1516-Spain-Charles V becomes Charles I of Spain • 1527-Italy-Charles V sacks Rome

5. Important People • Leon Battista Alberti -Florentine architect, • Lorenzo deMedici -head of famous Florentine family caused its financial downfall • Baldassare Castiglione -Italian writer, The Book of the Courtier - the handbook of Euro. Aristocrats • Francesco Sforza - a leading condottieri [mercenary leader], became Duke of Milan in 1447 • Cosimo de Medici -in 1434 controlled Florence oligarchy • Charles VIII - French King in 1494 invaded Naples, brings down Medicis • Michelangelo -painter, sculptor, architect, famous for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel • Ferdinand and Isabella -union of Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile in 1469 due to their marriage

6. People continued • Leonardo da Vinci -great Italian artist, inventor, best example of the “Renaissance man” • Mirandola -wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, one of the most famous writings of the Renaissance • Erasmus -Dutch writer, scholar, and humanist • Niccolo Machiavelli - Exiled from Florence, wrote The Prince (1513) • Charles V -Charles I-Sacks Rome in 1527, brought end to Italian wars and Renaissance • Henry VIII -English King, leaves the Catholic church eventually creating the Church of England • Sandro Botticelli - painted Primavera, well defined figures not common in Early Renaissance art • Donatello -Italian sculptor famous for David • Raphael -Italian artist known for Vatican frescos, and Madonna • Maximillian I -became Holy Roman Emperor in 1493 • Johannes Gutenberg -German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type

7. Vocabulary Condottieri -leaders of bands of mercenaries, hired to protect various city-states Courtier -An attendant at a sovereign's court Hanseatic League -alliance of Western European merchants and towns joined for security Papal States -territory of Italy formerly under direct temporal rule of the pope Heresy -any religious doctrine opposed to the beliefs of a particular church Taille -A form of direct royal taxation that was levied in France on the lower classes Black Death -the bubonic plague Humanism -philosophy that emphasizes the dignity and worth of the individual

8. Charts The evolving Italian city- states

9. Women of the Renaissance • The family was very important, women had arranged marriages to strengthen business and family ties • Dowry was payment from women’s family at marriage, they had no control over their own dowry • The women managed the household and had autonomy in daily lives • Apart from a few wealthy noble women the majority of women had no power which was above males • Denied access to Universities and most occupations

10. Importance • The beginning of humanism which concentrated on the significance of human activity, learning, and bettering one’s self, spawned individualism. This thought was incorporated into all aspects of the social lives of the upper classes. • Educational Advancement-humanism helped set the ground work for “Liberal Studies” education system for elite class • Printing Press-encouraged scholarly research and learning, use of the vernacular • Humanist ideas began the first questionings of the Catholic Church

11. Ch. 14: The Age of Reformation!

13. 1517: Luther posted 95 Theses 1519: Zwingli began church reform in Zurich, Switzerland 1520: Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther 1522: Luther began church reform in Saxony 1524-25: German peasants revolt hoping for Luther’s support, but did not receive it 1534: Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII declared the king (not the pope) as the head of the English Church Timeline

14. Timeline • 1536-1539: Henry VIII and Parliament dissolved the English monasteries • 1539: Parliament approved the Six Articles which defined the doctrine of the English Church • 1540: Pope Paul III authorized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • 1545-63: Council of Trent: assembly formed to define Roman Catholic doctrine, initiate reforms, and strengthen the authority of the pope • 1551: The 42 Articles of English Church made it more Protestant because affected by Calvinist ideas

15. Timeline • 1555: Peace of Augsburg gave each German prince the right to determine the religion (Catholicism or Lutheranism) of his state • 1559: New Act of Supremacy and Uniformity under Elizabeth I repealed Mary’s pro-Catholic laws • 1560:Presbyterianism became official religion of Scotland • 1563: 39 Articles adopted, which defined the teachings of the Anglican Church

16. Important People • Martin Luther questioned the doctrines of the Catholic Church, specifically indulgences. He refused to recant his 95 theses, was excommunicated, and began Lutheranism. • Frederick of Saxony sheltered Luther and supported him in his reforms of the church. • Ulrich Zwingli broke way from the Catholic Church in Switzerland and began the Swiss Reformation • John Calvin was influenced by Luther and continued the Protestant Reformation by introducing Calvinism to Geneva.

17. Important People • John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland. • King Henry VIII established the state-controlled Anglican Church (Church of England). • Thomas More was Lord Chancellor to Henry VII who opposed the Act of Supremacy and was executed. • Thomas Munzer: German anabaptist that wanted to overthrow religious political and social order • John of Leyden: head of a theocratic government in Germany that endorsed polygamy

18. Important People • Queen Mary tried to restore Roman Catholicism to England and earned the title “Bloody Mary” by persecuting Protestants • Queen Elizabeth sought religious settlement in England through compromise • Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits and fought for the Catholic Church against the spread of Protestantism. • Erasmus wrote “In Praise of Folly” which criticized the ethics of the Catholic Church

19. Vocabulary • Lutheranism: Bible is the only valid source for doctrine. Baptism and holy communion are the only sacraments. Celibacy not required for Clergy. • Calvinism: agreed with Luther about the Bible and the sacraments. Believed in predestination • Predestination: Calvinistic belief that God has already determined those who are saved and those who are damned. • Anabaptists: radicals of the Protestant Reformation

20. Vocabulary • Inquisition: using severe methods like torture to convict many people as heretics • Huguenots: French Calvinists • Puritans: English Calvinists • Presbyterians: Scottish Calvinists • Simony: the sale of church offices • Indulgences: granting forgiveness of sins in exchange for money • Usury: lending money and charging interest • Nepotism: granting positions to relatives

21. Status of Women While the Protestant Reformation allowed some women to step out of their usual roles (like Catherine Zell of Germany who preached beside her husband), traditionally most women remained obedient servants to their husbands. The Protestants advocated an importance of family relationships, but according to the “divine plan,” women were restricted to only the duties of mothering children and pleasing their husbands.

22. Change Over Time The Catholic Church had such a huge role as the central authority in Europe before the 1500s. Once Martin Luther stepped out, questioned its authority, and offered a new interpretation of the Christian faith, others followed this trend to break away from the Catholic Church. Protestantism split into different sects, as more ideas and interpretations spread, especially Calvinism. The Peace of Augsburg fueled the Reformation by contributing political support to the movement. While the Counter-Reformation did reform the practices of the Catholic Church, it hardly hindered the Protestant Reformation. As Calvinism began to expand as well, tensions were building and religious warfare began to seem inevitable. The Reformation could not have occurred without the evolution of humanistic ideas during the Renaissance.

23. Age of Absolutism

25. Timeline Battle of Lepanto-1571- Spanish defeated the Turks at Lepanto, it stopped the Turks from ever reaching Europe Peace of Alais-1629- allowed the Huguenots to keep their religious and civil rights from the Edict of Nantes, but stripped them of their private armies and fortified cities Fronde-1648-1649- noble uprising against the French government, wanted to overthrow Mazarin rule for own purposes English Civil War-1642-1646- a parliament vs. the king, parliament wins because of a incapable king (Charles I), Constitutional Monarchy became created with the Parliament becoming stronger War of Spanish Succession-1702-1713- Charles II left the throne of Spain to Louis XIV’s grandson. IT was thought that Spain and France would unit and that would disturb the balance of power which many countries found threatening, Peaces of Utrecht in 1713 ends the war and France and Spain have to remain separate, England big winner at Utrecht Glorious Revolution-1688- confirmed William and Mary as monarchs, The royal power to suspend and dispense with law was abolished, and the crown was forbidden to levy taxation or maintain a standing army in peacetime without parliamentary consent.

26. Timeline cont. Bill of Rights-1689- affirmed Parliament’s right to make law as and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament

27. People Cardinal Richelieu-1624 joined the royal council, issued the Peace of Alais, sent out royal officials called intendants to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government (mainly to collect taxes) Louis XVI-(1643-1715)- key’s to his power was that he was able to restructure the central policy-making machinery of gov’t because it was part of his own court and household, building Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes, wars and Versailles emptied the treasury Colbert-(1619-1683)-built roads and canals to improve communications and the transportation of goods, increase wealth by mercantilism, decrease imports by raising tariffs on foreign manufactured goods Frederick the Great-(1640-1688)- the Great Elector, created an army for Prussia-Brandenburg, raise money by establishing the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth and training Peter the Great-(1689-1725)- took ideas from the west, went away from the Church, abolished serfdom, taught mannerisms in Russia, Table of Ranks could change a non-noble to a noble

28. People cont. Suleiman I the Magnificent-(1520-1566)- Turks reached the peak under his rule, conquest of Constantinople, had superiority over the Mediterranean Charles I- (1625-1649)- marriage to Maria, a Catholic, aroused suspicions about the king’s own religion, Parliament had many feuds with him over limiting the monarchy, caused a civil war, beheaded

29. Vocabulary Absolutism- when the king governs all best example is Louis XIV, one king, one law, one faith Taille-an annual direct tax usually levied on land or property Mercantilism- decrease the need for imports and increase exports Constitutional Monarchy- the king and the Parliament decide on laws first seen in England Commonwealth- republic Oligarchy-A form of government in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a few persons Monopoly- when a company has total control over their competition over that specific product French Classicism- imitation of the artists of antiquity, an emphasis on geometric shapes, and the use of definite lines to clearly delineate objects, and the idealization of nature. Dutch Realism- interested in the realistic portrayal of secular, everyday life

30. Vocabulary cont. French Neoclassicism- Louis XVI used theater to attract attention to his monarchy, emphasized the clever, polished, and correct over the emotional and imaginative.

31. Women In Russia, Peter shattered the seclusion of upper-class Russian women and demanded that they remove the traditional veils that covered their faces. Overall in Europe the women were still looked down upon.

32. The Scientific Revolution

33. Europe During the Revolution

34. Timeline of Revolution • 1543- Copernicus’ “On The revolutions” is finally published, displaying the heliocentric theory (the sun is at the center of the universe) • 1543- Versalius publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body, making unprecedented observations of the human body • 1609- Kepler publishes Astronomia Nova, which contains his first two Laws of Planetary Motion • 1610- Galileo publishes his major breakthroughs of the universe, using the newly invented telescope in ”Sidereal Messenger” • 1619- Kepler publishes Harmonia Mundi, which contains his third law describing the form of the orbits and is the last step towards taking the world away from the Aristotelian system • 1620- Bacon publishes “Npvum Organum”, showing how the diverse scientific fields relate to one another • 1632- Galileo publishes “Concerning the Two Chief World Systems”, which compares the Ptolemaic System and the Copernican system • 1633- Galileo is forced to recant his theories due to the Inquisition • 1660- Boyle publishes “New Experiments Physico-Mechanical Touching the Spring of the Air”, displaying his gas laws • 1662- The royal Society of London is founded • 1687- Newton publishes “Principia”, which shows the laws of universal gravitation

35. Important People during the Revolution • Copernicus- undisputed champion of the Scientific Revolution. He perfected the heliocentric theory, opposing the Ptolemaic System and the geocentric theory. His work, “On the Revolutions”, was not published until after his death for fear of society’s harsh reprisal • Kepler- said the universe was shaped on the basis of geometric figures. He created his three laws of planetary motion, confirming the Copernican system. The laws showed that the orbits moved in elliptical patterns, the speed of a planet increases when it is closer to the sun, and the square of a planet’s period revolution is equal to the cube of the average distance from the sun. • Galileo- first human to use the telescope to observe the universe. His observations destroyed the theory that the make-up of the universe was composed of material similar to that of Earth. Wrote his “Dialogue…” in Italian over Latin so the majority could read it. The work argues for the Copernican system and eventually makes Galileo recant because of the Inquisition • Newton- wrote “Principia”, which demonstrated the universal law of gravitation and the fact that the universe was one huge uniform system

36. Heliocentric- Theory introduced by Copernicus which disproved the geocentric belief that the Earth was the center of the universe and instead pitted the Sun at the center Scientific Method- new method of inquiring knowledge set forth by Bacon which was built upon inductive principles Scientific Society- Facilities which enabled research to be carried out along new experimental lines. Vocabulary

37. Women and the Revolution • Still had traditional attitude that the woman’s role should be that of a daughter, wife, and/or mother. • Women interested in Science had to go about it through an informal education • More opportunities were given to elite women (ex: Margaret Cavendish, aristocrat involved in crucial scientific debates) • In Germany, women interested in Science had greater opportunities because of traditional female participation in craft production- 14% of all German astronomers between 1650-1710 were women.

38. Women and the Revolution • Women working in family observations received training in science • Maria Winklemann- German Astronomer, denied position as an assistant astronomer by the Berlin Academy • No women invited to join Royal Academies • Men still had opinions from Medieval times that women were inherently base, very susceptible to sinning, and needed the controlling of men • Men used the new science as an argument to keep women at home and to keep the argument that they were inferior

39. Summary • At the beginning of the Revolution, society was very much based on man’s ego. The Earth was pitted at the center of the universe and men thought that the world revolved around them and that even the universe was of the same material and form as the Earth. As new discoveries arose, such as the Copernican system, Kepler’s Laws, Newton’s gravitational laws, and Galileo’s astronomical discoveries, the opinion was soon shifted. Men began to see that science could not just be based around their egos and that true observations had to be made over inferring through logic the laws of the universe. Though religion tried to cause friction during this shift, the Revolution eventually won out. Today, Scientific observations are the only valid ways to prove anything, and men look at the universe as a solitary unit which has properties that one needs to actually research before inferring anything.

40. Chapter 18: The Enlightenment

42. The Enlightenment • Motto: “Dare to know!: Have the courage to use your own intelligence!” • — Immanuel Kant • Reason behind all things • Seek progress for a better society

43. Road to Enlightenment • popularization of science • Newton’s Principia • Fontanelle’s Plurality of Worlds • new skeptism • Peter Bayle (1647- 1706) • attacked religious attitudes • impact of travel literature • accounts of diff. cultures • legacy of Locke and Newton • intellectual inspiration

44. Philosophes • most not philosophers • most French • affected individuals everywhere • rational criticism- applied • freedom of expression • most did not receive

45. Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Beliefs • Persian Letters- criticize French institutions • traditional religion • advocates- religious toleration • denounces slavery • reason- liberates humanity • Spirit of Laws (1748) • 3 types of government • republics- small • monarchy- medium like Britain • despotism- large

46. enlightened despotism proponent of this form of government correspondence with Catherine and Frederick advocate of Deism believed in the ability of man to shape his destiny God = clock maker Voltaire (1649-1778) Real name: François-Marie Arouet • Treatise on Toleration (1763) • proposed religious toleration • no problems in England & Holland

47. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) • Growing pains • son of craftsman • Jesuit education • University of Paris • father’s wish- lawyer or clergy • Dedicated to independence • most versatile of philosophes “Great work of his life” THE ENCYCLOPEDIA

48. John Locke • Essay Concerning Human Understanding • “tabula rasa”- everyone born blank slate • Social Contract • Second Treatise on Government • Locke’s influence • “life, liberty, pursuit of happiness” in American Constitution

49. “Science of Man” • Adam Smith (1723-1790) • Wealth of Nations (1776) • laissez-faire= leave alone, promoting capitalist system • attack mercantilism, promotes capitalism • David Hume (1711-1776) • Scottish philosopher • Treatise on Human Nature • idea: “science of man” Quesnay and the Physiocrats leader François Quesnay (1694-1774) land only source of wealth individuals should pursue self-interest

50. Marie-Jean de Condorcet (1743-1794) • French philosophe • The Progress of the Human Mind • nine stages of history- previous • tenth stage- perfection • terrorized by French revolutionaries