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Lecture 32 Subordination (II)

Lecture 32 Subordination (II). 32.1 Infinitive clauses 1) Types of infinitive clauses A) Infinitive clause without expressed subject Eg. I hope to be able to come. B) Infinitive clause with expressed subject Eg. The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.

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Lecture 32 Subordination (II)

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  1. Lecture 32 Subordination (II) • 32.1 Infinitive clauses • 1) Types of infinitive clauses • A) Infinitive clause without expressed subject • Eg. I hope to be able to come. • B) Infinitive clause with expressed subject • Eg. The best thing would be for you to tell everybody. • C) Infinitive clause introduced by wh-word or subordinator • Eg. I don’t know what to do / how to do it/ where to go .

  2. 2) syntactic functions of infinitive clauses • 32.2 –ing participle clauses • 1) Types of –ing participle clauses • A) –Ing participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator • Eg. He denied having been there. • B) –ing participle clause with subordinator • Eg. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. • C) –ing participle clause with expressed subject • Eg. Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion ?

  3. 2) syntactic functions of –ing participle clauses • A) Both –ing participle and infinitive clauses can be used as subject, object, and subject/ object complement. • Eg. I like getting up early in the morning. I like to get up early in the morning. • B) As adverbials, -ing participle clauses can be used in various senses. • Eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. • Being a hard-working young man, he was praised by his teachers.

  4. 32.3 –ed participle clauses • 1) Types of –ed participle clauses • A) –ed participle clause without expressed subject or subordinator • Eg. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room. • B) –ed participle clause with subordinator • Eg. Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir. • C) –ed participle clause with expressed subject • Eg. The job finished, we went home straight away.

  5. 32.4 Verbless clauses • 1) Types of verbless clauses • A ) Verbless clause without subordinator • Eg. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of mind. • An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word. • B) Verbless clause with subordinator • Eg. Whatever the reason, his cordiality has won him a friend. • Although very helpful, he was not much liked by people.

  6. C) Verbless clause with expressed subject • Eg. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. • 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses • Eg. You must eat it when fresh. • The cardboard is light-proof where thick. • 32.5 “Absolute constructions” • 1) Types of “absolute constructions” • 2) Uses of “absolute constructions” • Eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. • Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

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