Subordination

1. Subordination Idea Dependency

2. A group of words where a subject-verb relationship is present Review • A group of words with at least one subject-verb relationship and a complete message • A group of two or more simple sentences linked by semicolons or coordinators • A group of two simple sentences linked by a subordinator

3. Subordination

4. Subordination

5. Coordination vs Subordination • In coordination, ideas are of equal importance. • Co: together • In subordination, things are different. • Sub: ? • “under” • One idea in subordination takes precedence over the other. • The subordinator becomes part of the dependent or subordinate clause. • Subordinate clauses are often adjective or adverbial clauses.

6. Subordination • I had a migraine because I lacked sleep. • There are two clauses: The independent or main clause… • I had a migraine. • And the dependent clause: • because I lacked sleep • We discussed last quarter that a dependent clause cannot stand on its own. • “Because I lacked sleep” does not make sense on its own although “I lacked sleep.” does. • The presence of the subordinator tells us the clause gets its meaning from another clause.

7. Subordination • Depending on the case, we may or may not switch the sentences in Coordination: • I am hungry, and she is craving pizza. • She is craving pizza, and I am hungry. • In this case, we can switch the sentences around without trouble. • She had scraped her knee badly, yet she continued to run. • She continued to run, yet she had scraped her knee badly. • In this case, however, the second example makes no sense at all.

8. Subordination • In subordination, however, we can always switch around the order of the clauses. • I had a migraine because I lacked sleep. • Because I lacked sleep, I had a migraine. • Note the presence of the comma in the second example. • The comma indicates where one clause ends and the other begins. • In the first example, which comes first? • Because the subordinate or dependent clause comes first in the second example, we separate it from the first with a comma.

9. Subordinating Conjunctions • aka Subordinators • Far more numerous than coordinators • Like coordinators, subordinators are grouped according to their function. • Adjective clauses: • Inserted into the main clause, usually after the noun it modifies. • The boss, who was very angry, scolded Procopio.

10. Subordinating Conjunctions • Adverbial clauses: • Usually added before or after the main clause. • Time: When, before, after, since • After you complete your counter check-in requirements, proceed to Gate 13. • Reason: because, since • I set off the airport’s metal detectors because I had metal plates in my knees. • Condition: provided that • I will let you pass provided that you present your ID. • Concession: even though • Even though the trip was tiring, I enjoyed it.

11. Noun Clauses • What those monsters did in Maguindanao recently was utterly shocking. • Where is the subject in this sentence? • How many clauses are there? • There are two: • “What those monsters did in Maguindanao” • [The massacre] was utterly shocking. • The first clause takes the place of the noun.

12. Diagram: Noun Clause (subject) they did What in Maguindanao was shocking utterly

13. Noun Clauses • We wonder why people do these things. • How many clauses are here? • There are again two clauses: • The noun clause appears as the direct object. • “We wonder [the reason].” • “Why people do these things.”

14. Diagram: Noun Clause (direct object) people do things why these We wonder

15. Noun Clauses • Noun clauses take the place of entire nouns and are inserted directly into the sentence. • We do not use a comma if the sentence does not call for it (there are exceptions). • Noun clauses can function as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, subject complements, and objects of the preposition. • Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns: • who • what • when • where • why • How • Whatever • Etc.

16. Object of the Preposition • You should bring me to where she is staying. • How many clauses are here? • There are again two clauses: • The noun clause . • You: subject • should bring: verb • me: Direct object • The presence of the preposition “to” marks this usage. • where she is staying: Object of the preposition

17. Diagram: Noun Clause (Object of the Preposition) You should bring me she is staying to where

18. Indirect Object • What are indirect objects? • Indirect objects are recipients of a direct object or otherwise participants in the action. • They sent him a postcard. • Cf. “They sent a postcard.” and “They sent him.” • The corrupt politician gave whoever promised to vote for him 200 pesos. • In this case, you can clearly see that: • “200 pesos” is the direct object. • “whomever promised to vote for him” is the indirect object marked by a noun clause.

19. Diagram: Noun Clause (Indirect Object) to vote politician gave pesos for him The 200 Whoever promised corrupt

20. Adjective Clauses • A knight who wishes to slay a dragon must take the appropriate precautions. • Note the lack of commas. • Lady Roxalane, who wishes to slay the dragon, is taking the appropriate precautions. • Note the presence of commas. • Commas are used to separate clauses only when the subject (in this case, Lady Roxalane) is a definite person. • The first example refers to an indefinite person.

21. Adjective Clauses • These take the place of adjectives and modify nouns and pronouns in complex sentences. • Like noun clauses, adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns, although the –ever pronouns are not used in this case • They cannot truly connect themselves to the noun or pronoun they are modifying.

22. Adverbial Clauses • Before her sister was married, Louisa was already missing. • She looked for work when she arrived at the city. • Louisa realized that she had made a mistake as soon as she called out Paul’s name. • After her family rejected her, Louisa returned to Mrs. Peacock. • What function do these underlined clauses have?

23. Adverbial Clauses: Time • Adverbial clauses of time tell us when the verb in the main clause happened. • Common subordinators for time include: • Before • After • When • Whenever • As • as soon as • Then • Since • Now • Once • while

24. Adverbial Clauses: Time • Take note that “When” can also be used for adjective clauses: • Paul was surprised when he saw Louisa. • The exact time when Louisa escaped remains unknown. • Which is the adverbial clause and which is the adjective clause? • The first one is adverbial, the second is an adjective clause.

25. Adverbial Clauses • Gandalf held off the Balrog where he stood. • Which is the main clause? • Gandalf held off the Balrog. • Which is the dependent clause? • where he stood • What does the dependent clause tell us? What question does it answer?

26. Adverbial Clauses: Place • This answers the question “where” and tells us the place where the verb in the main clause happened. • Subordinators: • Where • Wherever • WARNING: Similar to noun clauses with the object of the preposition and adjective clauses. • Bob took me to where she is. • We entered the theater where Lincoln was shot. • Gandalf fought the Balrog where he stood.

27. Adverbial Clauses: Place Gandalf fought Balrog the where he stood

28. Adjective Clause mod. a Place We entered theater where Lincoln was shot

29. Adverbial Clauses • The adventurers ran from the fire giants as if there was no tomorrow.

30. Adverbial Clauses: Manner • Adverbial Clauses of manner tend to use IDIOMS. • “She danced as if there was no tomorrow.” • “He sang as if his life depended on it.” • What does this idiom mean? • “To the best of one’s ability”

31. Adverbial Clauses: Manner • This answers which question? • How • Subordinators: • As if • As • As though • WARNING: Similar to adverbial clauses of time. • She collapsed as she saw her burning house. • Time • She danced as a seasoned dancer would. • Manner

32. Adverbial Clauses • The speaker chose the other road because it wanted wear. • He was sorry since he could not travel both and remain the same person. • He had to make the choice for time was running out on him. • And he has no regrets as he believes he made the right choice.

33. Adverbial Clauses: Reason • The underlined clauses are adverbial clauses of reason. The adverbial clause or reason uses the following subordinators: • because • Since • For • as •  Take note that since is also used as a subordinator for time, and as is also used for both time and manner. To distinguish the functions of these subordinators, always remember that they answer to a specific question. •  He left since no one told him about the delay. (answers the question why and thus is an adverbial clause of reason) • She loved him since she first saw him. (answers the question when and thus is an adverbial clause of time)

34. Adverbial Clauses • He sent the servants away so that no one would witness his plans. • He kept on mentioning his enemy’s name in order to remind him of his mission.

35. Adverbial Clauses: Purpose • The underlined clauses are adverbials of purpose. • Reason: justifications. • Purpose: intentions. • The common subordinators used for the adverbial clause of purpose are:  • so that, • in order (usually followed by an infinitive) • “In order to defeat his enemies, the adventurer practiced day and night.”

36. Adverbial Clauses • Unless Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will lose the Battle of Pelennor Fields. • What is the purpose of the subordinate clause?

37. Adverbial Clauses • Unless Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will lose the Battle of Pelennor Fields. • Is the main clause absolute? (Will it always happen?) • The main clause will happen if the subordinate clause (the condition) is not met. • This is an adverbial clause of condition. • Subordinators: • Provided that • Unless • If • On condition that

38. Adverbial Clauses: Condition • Problem: Subordinators do not always work the same way. • Unless Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will lose the battle. • If Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will lose the battle. • Provided that Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will lose the battle. • What is the difference? These are all clauses of condition, but there is a significant difference in their logic. • OTHERS: If [condition] happens, [main clause] will happen • UNLESS: If [condition] does not happen, [main clause] will happen

39. Adverbial Clauses: Condition • It does not matter if the main clause is negatively stated—the logic is the same: • If Eowyn defeats the Witch King, we will not lose the battle. • Unless Frodo destroys the One Ring, we will not have victory.

40. Adverbial Clauses: Last! • Although you come against me with hellfire, demon, I come against you with the wrath of my God!

41. Adverbial Clauses: Last! • Even if you attack me with all your hordes, you cannot defeat me! • What is the purpose of the subordinate clause?

42. Adverbial Clauses: Last! • The subordinate clause tells us that there is an unexpected result: We would expect that the subordinate clause would prevent the main clause from happening, but it happens anyway. • This is called a clause of concession. • To concede means to surrender. • Subordinators: • even though, • even if, • though, • Although