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Geography of Gender

Geography of Gender. Demography and Health. Longevity Gap: gap between life expectancy India and Pakistan: women live longer Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan: men live longer (WHY?) Sub-Saharan Africa: women die younger due to AIDS Global Norm: women outlive men Europe:7 years, Russia: 12

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Geography of Gender

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  1. Geography of Gender

  2. Demography and Health • Longevity Gap: gap between life expectancy • India and Pakistan: women live longer • Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan: men live longer (WHY?) • Sub-Saharan Africa: women die younger due to AIDS • Global Norm: women outlive men • Europe:7 years, • Russia: 12 • South Am.:7 • Sub-Saharan Africa: 2 • East and Southeast Asia: 4 • South Asia: 1

  3. http://www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map265_ver5.pdfHelpful statistics and graphics to use in your classroom

  4. Maternal Mortality: Who uses birth control? • Maternal Mortality rate: poorer realms is 80 to 600 times greater, pregnant health risks, South Asia 650 per 100,000 maternal deaths, African women same • European women: 3 per 100,000 • Why? Inadequate medical services • Excessive number of pregnancies • Malnutrition • 250,000 women die of illegal abortions in Africa • WHO: World Health Organization says women suffer from anemia, can’t get 3 times iron during pregnancy… GEOPHAGY

  5. Maternal mortality

  6. Female Infanticide India: 133 single men per 100 women • Prenatal Gender Detection: ultrasound and amniocentesis, July 1994, Federal Law prohibiting pre-natal tests solely to determine sex of the fetus..male relatives push • -want family lineage preserved • -Hindu society oldest son lights the funeral pyre of the father • -tradition of dowry: families receive payments from the bride’s parents • Black market emerged for prenatal testing • Highest in rural, poor sectors • Dowry Deaths: father doesn’t pay the bride price to son-in-law’s parents and they kill the bride. • 1989: 2,436

  7. China one child policy • 10 million men remain single in 30s, no women • -gender detection tests, then abortions • -food deprivation • -denial of medical care • -abandonment and murder • -sold for prostitution • Strict policy in urban areas so infanticide highest there.. More relaxed in rural areas to help with agriculture

  8. Family Courts Act:for domestic disputes • -old men judges believe in male dominated society • -believe in Hindu belief in family and place abused women back into the home

  9. Islamic Law • -resurgence of fundamentalism • -severe Sharia Laws • -can’t go without veils or move without men • Afghanistan under the Taliban: • -no girls in schools • -traditional clothing • -no music, no celebrations • -women stoned for adultery • -women couldn’t hold jobs

  10. Education and Opportunity • 65-75% of Indian women are illiterate • West Africa, women control the markets, rest of Africa, women do not go to school….FEES • Girls work with mothers 12 hours a day • -collecting firewood • -collecting water • -weeding fields • (subsistence farming) WOMEN Produce 40% of the world’s food Women work 80% on plantations and farms in SubSaharan Africa and 50% in Asia

  11. Work • Maquiladoras: mostly women workers • -more dependable than men • -nimble fingers • Most poor women in the world work in the “informal Market” or “informal sector” • -making soap • -cooking food • -beer brewing • -tailoring

  12. Women Everywhere: Job Discrimination Occupational Segregation Wage Inequalities

  13. Gender: Biology and Social Situation • Migration: Forced migration, women suffer with struggle for survival in refugee camps • Voluntary migration: men form social networks, dominate decisions • Education and Economic Development Reduce inequalities between the sexes. • Women in urban situations have made progress: higher wages, better jobs • Exception: Saudi Arabia: oil-rich, high-income society… women were just recently allowed to drive

  14. Development by gender: How is it measured? • Gender-Related Development Index 2. Gender Empowerment Measure Who creates these indexes? UNHD

  15. Gender-Related Development Index4factors similar to the HDI Economic: average income 2. Social Indicators: -literacy levels -education (school attendance) 3. Demographic: Life expectancy

  16. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

  17. Economic Indicator: Income

  18. Gender-Related Development Index

  19. -The rank of the Netherlands remained the same. (0) • -The rank of Belgium is #7 but the HDI rank is #6. (-1) • -The rank of Iceland is #6 but the HDI rank is #7. (1) • -The rank of Japan is #12 but the HDI rank is 9. (-3) • Why would a country drop in rank from the HDI?

  20. Nepal: GDI • 59.4 59.9 26.4 61.6 55 67 891 1,776 -4 What do can you tell about Women in Nepal? -Women and men have the same life expectancy. Why? -Only a small % of women can read compared to their enrollment in school. Why? -Women make less money than men. Why? -What does the last figure mean?

  21. China: GDI 94 73.2 68.8 86.5 95.1 64 69 3,571 5,435 5 What can you tell about the women in China? -Life expectancy is more consistent with the global trend -Almost equal numbers of each sex attend school, although low -Literacy rate is high but lower for females compared to males -Males have a higher income compared to women, consistent with the global pattern

  22. Gender Empowerment MeasureHow is it measured? • The GEM demonstrates the ability of women to participate and determine the power structure of a country 2 Economic indicators: -% of women in professional and technical jobs -income level 2 Political indicators: -% of women in admin or managerial jobs -% of women holding elected positions

  23. GEM: Economic Indicators Female professional and technical workers Female to male income

  24. Gender Empowerment Measure

  25. Political Indicators Seats in Parliaments/National Legislatures Administrators and Managers

  26. Nepal: GEM • No data.50 1951 1951 1952A 14.8 6 5.9 Due to lack of data on the GEM, Data was found on the Political Participation Index

  27. China: GEM 20.2 .66 • 1949 1954E 5.1 21 20.2 Data for China can be combined from the GEM and the Political Participation index to discuss the political power of women compared to men in China.

  28. GDI and GEM of an MDC:Sweden 2 0.946 82.5 77.5 100 100 124 104 23,781 28,700 - 2 0.854 45.3 31 50 0.83 When comparing Nepal and China to Sweden, what differences can you detect?

  29. http://www.grameen-info.org/ Microcredit Micro-lending What is the goal of providing a micro-loan? SUSTAINABILITY!! Providing for the current situation and for future generations.

  30. Grameen Bank: 16 Decisions

  31. Frontline Videos about Women http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2005/07/introduction_to.html http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2006/12/pakistan_this_i.html

  32. More Frontline Videos http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/06/nepal_a_girls_l.html

  33. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/flash_point/afghanistan/

  34. Conclusions • -Just like the HDI, the GDI and GEM divide countries into high, medium, and low areas of development. • -Cultural norms can control the advancement or subjugation of women and their status in certain regions of the world. • -Gender inequality in income, education, and political power is a global problem.

  35. Sources • Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. • de Blij, H.J., Murphy, ALexander B. & Fouberg, Erin H., Human geography, People, place, and culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. • Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. & Domosh, Mona, (2003). The human mosaic, A thematic introduction to cultural geography. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. • Knox, Paul L. & Marston, Sallie A., (2007). Human geography, Places and regions in global context. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall • Retrieved October 11, 2007, Web site: http://womenwarpeace.org/Portals/0/Documents/hdr04_gender_indicators.pdf • Retrieved October 11, 2007, Web site: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_207_1_1.html • Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of • China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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