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Gender of violence. Aida Venegas. Table of Contents. Slide 3 Men are more violent than women Slide 4 Male Violence Slide 5 Interpersonal & Intersocietal Violence Slide 6 Why are men violent? Slide 7 Reasons, why men are violent? Slide 8 What is domestic violence?
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Gender of violence Aida Venegas
Table of Contents • Slide 3 Men are more violent than women • Slide 4 Male Violence • Slide 5 Interpersonal & Intersocietal Violence • Slide 6 Why are men violent? • Slide 7 Reasons, why men are violent? • Slide 8 What is domestic violence? • Slide 9 –10 Violence against women • Slide 11 -12 Statistics • Slide 13- 14 Best Predictors
Table of Contents • Slide 15 Study • Slide 16 Study Test • Slide 17 -20 Facts • Slide 21- 23 Global Statistics • Slide 24 Signs to look out for • Slide 25 Chart: Victims were offenders • Slide 26 Chart: Victims of Domestic Violence • Slide 27 Chart: Domestic Violence
Table of Contents • Slide 28 Charts: Shelter Services • Slide 29 Reflection Paper
Men are more violent than women • Men constitute 99% of all persons arrested for rape * 90% of those arrested for murder * 88% of those arrested for robbery * 79% for aggravated assault * 75% other assaults * 75% of all family violence * 74% of disorderly conduct • 90% of all murder victims are killed by men, according to United States Department of Justice’s Uniform Crime Reports
Male Violence Research rely on biological differences between women and men, suggesting that “the durability, universality and generality of the relative aggressiveness of males” points definitively toward a genetic difference.
Interpersonal & Intersocietal Violence 1. The ideal for manhood is the fierce and handsome warrior • Public leadership is associated with male dominance, both of men over other men and of men over women • Women are prohibited from public and political participation • Most public interaction is between men, not between men and women or among women • Boys and girls are systematically separated from an early age • Initiation of boys is focused on lengthy constraint of boys, during which time the boys are separated from women; taught male solidarity, bellicosity; and endurance; and trained to accept the dominance of older groups of men • Emotional displays of male virility, ferocity, and sexuality are highly elaborated • The ritual celebration of fertility focuses on male generative ability not female ability • Male economic activities and the products of male labor are prized over female
Reasons, why men are violent? • The fear that boys who were not violent would not grow up to be real men. • Violence is proof of masculinity; one is “real” man, because one is not afraid to be violent. • A man recalls his days in a juvenile detention facility where “you fought almost every day because everybody trying to be tougher than the next person.” • Sociologist Vic Seidler writes that “as boys, we have to be constantly on the alert to either confront or avoid physical violence. We have to be alert to defend ourselves…Masculinity, the demonstrated willingness to fight and the capacity for combat are measures of worth and self-worth”
What is domestic Violence? • According to Wikipedia, Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation. Domestic violence, so defined, has many forms, including physical aggression or assault (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects), or threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse ; and economic deprivation. Alcohol consumption and mental illness can be co-morbid with abuse, and present additional challenges in eliminating domestic violence. Awareness, perception, definition and documentation of domestic violence differs widely from country to country, and from era to era.
Violence against women • Men learn that violence is an accepted form of communication among men and between women and men. • 1 out 5 victims of violence treated in hospital emergency rooms was injured by a spouse, a former spouse, or a current of former boyfriend or girlfriend. • Age, gender are not only the good predictors of violence but also region • Young southern white men are more prone to violence than young men in any other part of the county
Violence against women • Victims of Violence who were injured by spouses or ex-spouses, women outnumbered men by about 9 to 1. • Women were injured 8 times more by their boyfriends than men were injured by their girlfriends. • United States has among the highest rates in the industrial world for rape, domestic violence, and spousal murder. • Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women in the nation, claiming nearly 4 million victims a years.
Statistics • 1/3 and ½ of all women are assaulted by a spouse or partner at some point during their lives • 30% to 40% of all women are murder by a spouse or partner at some point • Every 6 minutes a woman in the U.S is raped, every 18 seconds a woman is beaten, and every day 4 women are killed by their batterers.
Statistics Intimate Homicide Victims by Gender: 1976-2004 According to The Gender Society by Michael Kimmel
Best Predictors • According to Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday the best predictors of rape-proneness were • Militarism • Interpersonal violence in general • Ideologies of male toughness • Distant father child relationships “The lower status of women relative to men, the higher the rape rate”
Study Two Michigan psychologists Dov Cohen and Richard Nisbett conducted an experiment to find out. They invited young men to fill out a questionnaire in a classroom building at the university, and then to drop it off at the end of the hallway and then return to the classroom. Half did it but the other half however, encountered another guy in the narrow hallway, who opened a drawer in a filling cabinet as the “subject” walked by. After the hallway was even narrower, and the confederate look up, annoyed and slammed the filling cabinet drawer shut and mutter.
Study-test • This guys were tested to see if the insult had any effect on the guys who experienced it. They were watched and their faces were recorded. They shook their hands to see if their grip changed. Saliva samples were taken to measure testosterone levels. • The guys were asked to read a short story and supply the ending, in order to see if the insulted guys ending was more violent. • For some guys, being insulted caused no changes at all (control group) • For others, the insulted changed a lot. (Most were from South) Cohen and Nisbett concluded, that men are driven by a strict coded of honor, insult that honor and they are ready to fight.
Facts • Fact #1: 18.3 % of women in the United States have survived a completed or attempted rape. Of these, 12.3% were younger than age 12 when they were first raped, and 29.9% were between the ages of 11 and 17 • Fact #2: 22 million women in the United States have been raped in their lifetime. 63.84% of women who reported being raped, physically assaulted, and/or stalked since age 18 were victimized by a current or former husband, cohabiting partner, boyfriend, or date. • Fact #3: Less than half of domestic violence incidents are reported to police. African-American women are more likely than others to report their victimization to police Lawrence A. Greenfeld et al. • Fact #4: The FBI estimates that only 37% of all rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice Department statistics are even lower, with only 26% of all rapes or attempted rapes being reported to law enforcement officials. • Fact #5: Almost one-third of female homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner. • Fact #6: The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study estimated that between 1 in 4 and 1 in 5 college women experience completed or attempted rape during their college years • Fact #7: Men perpetrate the majority of violent acts against women • Fact #8: Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. • Fact #9: One out of every five American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime.
Facts (con.) • Fact #10: Factoring in unreported rapes, about 6% of rapists will ever spend a day in jail. 15 out of 16 will walk free. • Fact #11: Almost 10% of high school students are victims of dating violence each year. • Fact #12: Sexual violence and gender based violence is associated with a host of short- and long-term problems, including physical injury and illness, psychological symptoms, economic costs, and death • Fact #13: Rape victims often experience anxiety, guilt, nervousness, phobias, substance abuse, sleep disturbances, depression, alienation, sexual dysfunction, and aggression. They often distrust others and replay the assault in their minds, and they are at increased risk of future victimization. • Fact #14: According to the 2010 National Crime Victimization Survey, more than 20,000 rapes or sexual assaults occurred in 2010; 169,370 of them occurred among females and 15,020, among males . • Fact #15: Sexual violence victims exhibit a variety of psychological symptoms that are similar to those of victims of other types of trauma, such as war and natural disasterA number of long-lasting symptoms and illnesses have been associated with sexual victimization including chronic pelvic pain; premenstrual syndrome; gastrointestinal disorders; and a variety of chronic pain disorders, including headache, back pain, and facial pain (Koss 1992).Between 4% and 30% of rape victims contract sexually transmitted diseases as a result of the victimization • Fact #16: Most female victims are raped before the age of 25, and almost half of female victims are under the age of 18.
Facts (con.) • Fact #17: In 2006, 78,000 children were sexually abused. (Child Maltreatment 2006.) Because majority of cases are not reported, it is estimated that the real number could be anywhere from 260,000-650,000 a year • Fact #18: About 67.9% of rape victims are white; 11.9% are black; 14% are hispanic and 6% are of other races. • Fact #19: About half of all rape victims are in the lowest third of income distribution; half are in the upper two-thirds. • Fact #20: According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS), a national survey of high school students, 7.4% of students had been forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to. Female students (10.5%) were significantly more likely than male students (4.5%) to have been forced to have sexual intercourse. Overall, black students (12%) were significantly more likely than white students (10%) to have been forced to have sexual intercourse (CDC 2010). • Fact #21: Females ages 12 to 24 are at the greatest risk for experiencing a rape or sexual assault (DOJ 2001). • Fact #22: Almost two-thirds of all rapes are committed by someone who is known to the victim. 73% of sexual assaults were perpetrated by a non-stranger (— 48% of perpetrators were a friend or acquaintance of the victim, 17% were an intimate and 8% were another relative.)
Facts (Con) • Fact #23: The costs of intimate partner violence against women exceed an estimated $5.8 billion. These costs include nearly $4.1 billion in the direct costs of medical care and mental health care and nearly $1.8 billion in the indirect costs of lost productivity and present value of lifetime earnings. • Fact #24: It is estimated that domestic violence occurs in approximately 25-33% of same-sex relationships. (NYC Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project, October 1996.) However, other studies have indicated that anywhere between 17% and 52% of same-sex relationships are abusive. • Fact #25: Boys who witness their fathers' violence are 10 times more likely to engage in spouse abuse in later adulthood than boys from non-violent homes. • Fact #26: An estimated 17,500 women and children are trafficked into the United States annually for sexual exploitation or forced labor. • Fact #27: Somewhere in America a woman is battered, usually by her intimate partner, every 15 seconds. (UN Study On The Status of Women, Year 2000) • Fact #28: A University of Pennsylvania research study found that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to low-income, inner-city Philadelphia women between the ages of 15 to 44 - more common than automobile accidents, mugging and rapes combined. In this study domestic violence included injuries caused by street crime. • Fact #29: A study reported in the New York Times suggests that one in five adolescent girls become the victims of physical or sexual violence, or both, in a dating relationship.
Global Statistics • Fact #30: At least 60 million girls who would otherwise be expected to be alive are "missing" from various populations, mostly in Asia, as a result of sex-selective abortions, infanticide or neglect. (UN Study On The Status of Women, Year 2000)Fact #31: Globally, at least one in three women and girls is beaten or sexually abused in her lifetime. • Fact #32: A recent survey by the Kenyan Women Rights Awareness Program revealed that 70% of those interviewed said they knew neighbors who beat their wives. Nearly 60% said women were to blame for the beatings. Just 51% said the men should be punished. (The New York Times, 10/31/97) • Fact #33: 4 million women and girls are trafficked annually. (United Nations) • Fact #34: An estimated one million children, mostly girls, enter the sex trade each year (UNICEF) • Fact #35: A 2005 World Health Organization study reported that nearly one third of Ethiopian women had been physically forced by a partner to have sex against their will within the 12 months prior to the study.
Global Statistics (con) • Fact #36: In a study of 475 people in prostitution from five countries 62% reported having been raped in prostitution.73% reported having experienced physical assault in prostitution.92% stated that they wanted to escape prostitution immediately. • Fact #37: The most common act of violence against women is being slapped—an experience reported by 9% of women in Japan and 52% in provincial Peru. Rates of sexual abuse also varies greatly around the world—with partner rape being reported by 6% of women from Serbia and Montenegro, 46% of women from provincial Bangladesh, and 59% of women in Ethiopia. • Fact #38: So-called "honour killings" take the lives of thousands of young women every year, mainly in North Africa, Western Asia and parts of South Asia. (UNFPA) • Fact #39: The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan reported that 2002 saw a 25% increase in “honor killings” of women, with 461 women murdered by family members in 2002, in 2 provinces (Sindh and Punjab) alone. • Fact #40: More than 90 million African women and girls are victims of female circumcision or other forms of genital mutilation. • Fact #41: In eastern and souther Africa, 17 to 22% of girls aged 15 to 19 are HIV-positive, compared to 3 to 7% of boys of similar age. This pattern—seen in many other regions of the world—is evidence that girls are being infected with HIV by a much older cohort of men. • Fact #42: : A 2005 study reported that 7% of partnered Canadian women experienced violence at the hands of a spouse between 1999 and 2004. Of these battered women, nearly one-quarter (23%) reported being beaten, choked, or threatened with a knife or gun. • Fact #43: In Zimbabwe, domestic violence accounts for more than 60% of murder cases that go through the high court in Harare. (ZWRCN) • Fact #44: a study in Zaria, Nigeria found that 16 percent of hospital patients treated for sexually transmitted infections were younger than 5. (UNFPA)
Signs to look out for: • Attitude towards women: What does he say about women in general, how women dress etc? How does he value women? Does he appreciate female colleges? If he is degrading and disrespectful towards women in general, he will probably treat you the same way. • Jealousy. Men who show signs of exaggerated jealousy has a strong need for control. Be especially on the look out if he starts to make you responsible for his feelings. If you skip your girls-night-out because of his attitude he is starting to control your behaviour. • Violent behaviour: Does he get into a rage and break things in your home? These are violent acts with the purpose of scaring you. • Isolation: When the process of isolation begins you can see patterns in his behaviour. He might give you a lift to and from work/school. If you work he wouldn't mind you cutting down your hours, he wants you to spend as much time with him as possible. He won't let you go to parties or meet up with your friends on your own. You start to loose contact with your friends since he doesn't like you seeing them. Most of the time he doesn't tell you what to do out loud, but by his reactions for eg. turning cold or grumpy, you get the message anyway. • Loss of control: In the beginning it's a question of him deciding everything in every situation, even if it's about you and your life. He decides what you do and what you talk about when you are together. Eventually you don't get to have your own opinion and in the end he is controlling everything -what you think, say and do. • If you or someone close to you are being abused there are a few things you can do: • Keep a secret diary: Write down every time he threats or hits you. It is difficult to remember afterwards what really happened. You might keep this diary at work or somewhere else where he has no access. • Tell someone: Tell someone you trust what you are going through. Even if you don't have the strength to do anything about it at the time, at least someone knows the situation. • Document: Write down and try to take photographs of the injuries. If you go to your doctor always ask for a photograph to be taken. You don't have to use them but they will still be there if you decide to go to the police one day. • Don't think it's not going to happen again: Arrange a way of getting out so that you can leave home any time of the day. Contact a women's shelter, a friend or a relative. Ask someone close to you for a key to their home so that you always have somewhere to go. • Contact a Domestic Violence Shelter: At a women's shelter they believe in your story and they will help you the day you decide to leave him. They can support you in contacting the authorities if you need a hidden identity, new housing etc. You will also meet other women with the same experiences and you can find support and friendship. • Go to the police: Don't accept what he is doing to you. Violence against women and children is a crime. For your own sake, and so that he will realize what he is doing is wrong, turn him in.
Reflection Paper I decided to go with Gender Violence after I presented with my excerpt. I was interested and wanted to find more information about the violence and why men are more aggressive. I believe in biology and believe that it has to do with testosterone, men are usually more aggressive for this reason, once again this is my believe. Women are weaker and is the reason they are taken advantage over men. However, I think that we as women should value ourselves more and believe that we could have better. Women, who have have a low self-esteem and think of themselves as lower than men are more to live in life with men who abuses of them. Women can stop violence but for some reason or another they do not stop either because they have a low-income, low self esteem, have many children, and/or do not have an education.
