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Gendered Effects of Globalization

Gendered Effects of Globalization. Global Cities & Labor Migration The Grameen Bank & New Forms of Self Employment. Effects of SAPs on Women. EDUCATION Women lose ground (Ault & Sandberg) Boys have priority over girls when cost of education rises.

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Gendered Effects of Globalization

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  1. Gendered Effects of Globalization Global Cities & Labor Migration The Grameen Bank & New Forms of Self Employment

  2. Effects of SAPs on Women • EDUCATION • Women lose ground (Ault & Sandberg) • Boys have priority over girls when cost of education rises. • Cuts to other programs (housing subsidies, health clinics) & inflation • Greater impact on women as family caretakers

  3. EMPLOYMENT (in Developing Countries) • Higher Unemployment in Formal Sectors • B/C women are concentrated in: • vulnerable sectors (government clerks, electronics) • Gender stereotypes view women’s wages as secondary • Added worker effects stronger for women (women forced to join labor market to help families)

  4. Feminization of employment • Increased growth in “female” jobs (e.g., manufacturing, services, tourism) But, growth largely in: • non-formal sectors (e.g., domestic work, garment work) (See Ault & Sandberg) • Increase in casual work • Temporary, P/T work • Consequences: • Women more vulnerable to exploitation • Women lose formal benefits

  5. Feminized Survival Strategies 1. Self-employment • Growth of self-employment in small-scale businesses in developing countries. We will return to this and view a film on the Grameen Bank 2. Migration • Increased migration of women to developed countries for work. • Why Women? (Turn to Sassen)

  6. Global Cities & Survival CircuitsSaskia Sassen • Globalization: • Myth: Globalization eliminates unskilled work • Reality (Globalization promotes class polarization) • Increase in professional jobs (information technology, finance) concentrated in “global” (1st world) cities. Yielded the expansion of low-paid service jobs: • Formal: Clerks, Janitors, Hotel Maids • Informal (the new serving class): Flow from consumption practices of professionals (e.g., nannies, housekeepers) • Informal: Sweatshops, home-based work

  7. Feminization of service sector (domestic service, home-based garment work) Resulted in: • Historical Shift in migrant work • Migrant workers are increasingly women.

  8. Migration Circuits • Women • Governments • Traffickers (sex and other types of informal work) • Governments • Remittance Payments are a source of revenue for developing countries. • Governments implement worker programs to promote labor migration (see Philippines Overseas Employment Admin. Pg. 271).

  9. Push & Pull Factors • Pull factor = growth of service jobs in 1st world. • Push factor= unemployment, underemployment, loss of social safety net, and increased poverty in home country. Debt crisis & interest rates & Elimination of: Nationalized industries Small firms oriented to national market unemployment low wages

  10. Summary • Labor migration • Benefits to women: Increased economic independence despite low-wage work. • Problems: Feminized survival strategies overburdens women. Women experience informal low-wage work, loss of benefits, sexual and other forms of labor exploitation.

  11. Revisit benefits: • Changing gender roles and increased economic independence through self-employment. • Information on Grameen Bank • Film

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