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Microbiology

Explore the fascinating world of microbiology and learn about the different kingdoms of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and protists. Discover the germ theory and how pathogens cause diseases. Dive into the classification and characteristics of viruses and bacteria, and understand the importance of vaccines and antibiotics.

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Microbiology

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  1. Microbiology The Tiny Kingdoms! Viruses (no Kingdom) Bacteria (Kingdom Monera or Archae) Protists (Kingdom Protista)

  2. Germ Theory • Proposed by Scientist: Luis Pasteur. • Disease is caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body called pathogens (germs). • Bacterial Pathogens (strep throat) • Viral Pathogens (flu) • Protist Pathogens (malaria) • Fungal Pathogens (athletes foot)

  3. Viruses Classification: Domain: None Kingdom: None Cell Type: None Cell Number: single Feeding: None Reproduction: Lytic or Lysogenic

  4. Viruses • Viruses are not alive. • No cells • They do not use energy like living things • Cannot reproduce without a host cell • Consist of a protein coat and a piece of either DNA or RNA • They exist only to infect and kill cells

  5. Virus Types • All viruses function by injecting their nucleic acid into a host cell and taking over to create new viruses.

  6. Lytic Viruses (Ex: Ebola) • Inject DNA/RNA and immediately take over/kill cell • Present in virulent (fast) viruses • 1. Attach to cell • 2. Inject viral DNA • 3. Replicate viral DNA using host cell organelles • 4. Assemble new viruses • 5. Destroy host cell to release new viruses

  7. Lysogenic Cycle (Ex: HIV) • Delayed virus cycle; inject DNA/RNA but enter the host nucleus and lie dormant (hide) within the host DNA for a while • Will eventually turn lytic and cause symptoms; impossible to cure • *Can be manipulated for gene therapy by replacing viral DNA with a desired gene

  8. Virus Cycles (Lytic = 1, 2, 3a, 4a; Lysogenic = 1, 2, 3b, 4b, 5, 2, 3a, 4a)

  9. DNA or RNA? • Viruses based on DNA have no problem invading cells • Polio • Viruses based on RNA (called Retroviruses) have to use a protein called reverse transcriptase to turn their RNA into DNA before they can take over the cell. • Mutate A LOT. Evolve/Change rapidly • Flu

  10. Fighting Viruses • Because viruses actually hide inside the cells, it is very hard to treat them with medication • Most viruses are killed by the immune system without meds • The best fight against viruses is prevention. Vaccines can be given BEFORE a person is sick to train them immune system to fight the virus • Since viruses can only survive inside a host, it is important that EVERYONE get vaccinated. If no one can catch the disease, then the disease will be gone forever. • Antibiotics do NOT work against viruses because they cannot penetrate the human cell to reach the virus. Antibiotics only kill bacteria.

  11. Bacteria • Classification • Domain: Archae (primitive) or Eubacteria (modern) • Kingdom: Archae (primitive) or Monera (modern) • Cell type: single-celled prokaryotes • Feeding: some autotrophic, some heterotrophic • Reproduction: mostly asexual by binary fission; occasional sexual reproduction for genetic variability

  12. Domain: Archaebacteria • Primitive bacteria that live in harsh environments. • 3 types • Methanogens • Live without oxygen • Extreme halophiles • Live in extreme salt conditions • Thermoacidophiles • Love high temperatures and/or extremely acidic pH

  13. Modern Bacteria classified by shape and reaction to Gram stain Bacilli: rod Spirilla: spiral Cocci: round Diplo: paired Strepto: chains Staphylo: clusters Gram Stain Positive: purple Negative: red Eubacteria

  14. BACTERIA

  15. Good Bacteria help you! • Non-pathogenic bacteria are helpful • Nitrogen fixing bacteria put fertilizer (nitrogen) into the soil for plants • Gut bacteria help humans digest food • Bacteria in the soil helps to decompose and break down waste in the environment

  16. Pathogenic Bacteria make you sick! • Antibiotics- medicine for treating diseases caused by bacteria • Interfere with bacterial cell walls • Must be taken as directed • Not effective against viruses

  17. Antibiotic Resistance • Caused by using antibiotics too much or incorrectly • Bacteria evolve (by natural selection) to resist the meds • New methods or different antibiotics must be used.

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