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Discover the Renaissance, a transformative period in European history. Learn about the shift in thinking, advancements in art, and groundbreaking inventions that shaped this era.
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What was the Renaissance? • The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. • The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth".
How did it begin? • The Renaissance is generally considered to have started in Florence, Italy around the years 1350 to 1400. The start of the Renaissance also was the end of the Middle Ages. • One of the big changes in the Renaissance was in the basic way people thought about things. In the Middle Ages people thought that life was supposed to be hard. They grew up thinking that life was nothing but hard work and war. • However, around the 1300s, the people in Florence, Italy began to think differently about life. They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently. • This new way of thinking was called Humanism. Now people thought that life could be enjoyable and they could have comforts. They started to think that people should be educated and that things like art, music, and science could make life better for everyone. This was a real change in the way people thought.
Renaissance Art • Renaissance art is often divided up into two periods:Early Renaissance (1400-1479) - Artists learned by trying to better classical artists focusing on symmetry and creating the perfect form. This era featured such artists as Giotto, Masaccio, and Donatello. High Renaissance(1475-1525) - A rising interest in perspective and space gave the art even more realism. Great artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rafael flourished during this period.
School of Athens by Raphael featured philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
Jan van Eyck was a Flemish painter. He is often known as the "father of oil painting" because of all the new techniques and advances he made in oil painting. Van Eyck was known for extraordinary detail in his paintings. His works include the Arnolfini Portrait, Annunciation, Lucca Madonna, and the Ghent Altarpiece. Artist 1 - Jan van Eyck (1395 - 1441)
Michelangelo was a sculptor, artist, and architect. He was considered to be the greatest artist during his time. He is famous for both his sculptures and his paintings. His two most famous sculptures are the Pietà and David. His most known paintings are frescos on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Artist 2 - Michelangelo (1475 - 1564)
Artist 3 - Raphael (1483 - 1520) Raphael was a painter during the High Renaissance. His paintings were known for their perfection. He painted many portraits as well as hundreds of paintings of angels and the Madonna. His works include the two angels, the The School of Athens, Portrait of Pope Julius II, and the Disputation of the Holy Sacrament.
Caravaggio was one of the last great Renaissance artists. He was known for his realistic physical and emotional paintings. He also made use of light in his painting for added drama. His art influenced the next era of painting called the Baroque style of painting. Artist 4 - Caravaggio (1571 - 1610)
Artist 4 – Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • The term Renaissance Man means someone who is good at everything. Leonardo is considered to be the ultimate Renaissance man. • Some people claim he invented the bicycle. • He was very logical and used a process like the scientific method when investigating a subject. • His Vitruvian man is on the Italian Euro coin. • Only around 15 of his paintings are still around. • The Mona Lisa is also called "La Giaconda" meaning the laughing one. • Unlike some artists, Leonardo was very famous for his paintings while he was still alive. It's only recently that we've realized what a great scientist and inventor he was.
Inventions Renaissance Inventions included the telescope, eye glasses, flush toilet and the submarine
Galileo Galilei • Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who helped open the eyes of the world to a new way of thinking about the workings of our solar system and astronomy in general.
Galileo Galilei • Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy, on the 15th of February 1564, he died on the 8th of January 1642. • Among his inventions were telescopes, a compass and a thermometer. • Galileo built on the work of others to create a telescope with around 3x magnification, he later improved on this to make telescopes with around 30x magnification. • With these telescopes, Galileo was able to observe the skies in ways previously not achieved. • In 1610 he made observations of 4 objects surrounding Jupiter that behaved unlike stars, these turned out to be Jupiter’s four largest satellite moons. They were later renamed the Galilean satellites in honour of Galileo himself. • The discovery of these moons was not supported by the scientific principles of the time and Galileo had trouble convincing some people that he had indeed discovered such objects. This was similar to other ideas put forward by Galileo that were very controversial at the time.
Galileo Galilei • Galileo and others began to disprove that the Earth stood still and objects travelled around it. He became very unpopular with the Church. • Galileo refused to believe Kepler’s theory that the moon caused the tides, instead believing it was due to the nature of the Earth’s rotation (helping prove that even the smartest people can make mistakes). • Famous Galileo quotes include: • “In questions of science the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.” • “See now the power of truth; the same experiment which at first glance seemed to show one thing, when more carefully examined, assures us of the contrary.” • “Alas! Your dear friend and servant Galileo has been for the last month hopelessly blind; so that this heaven, this earth, this universe, which I by my marvelous discoveries and clear demonstrations had enlarged a hundred thousand times beyond the belief of the wise men of bygone ages, henceforward for me is shrunk into such a small space as is filled by my own bodily sensations.”
The Printing Press • Representing the new thinking of the Renaissance, the most significant invention of this period was invented by Johannes Gutenberg – the Printing Press
The Story of the Printing Press – P1 • Six hundred years ago people had to hand write a book because they didn't have any presses. • The books were so rare that the most precious books in a church's library were chained to the reading tables. • A book back then would cost as much as a house in town or a good-sized farm! Johannes Gensfleisch Gutenberg was the man who saved the trouble of writing books by hand. • When he was young he loved to read books, but making a single book would take months, even years, and Johann didn't want to wait that long so he planned to do something about it some day.
The Story of the Printing Press – P2 • Johann started his invention by making metal letters. With the techniques he learned from the Mainz Mint, but Johann had to carve out the metal. • He arranged them into a sentence and pressed a pieces of paper against the letters with his hands. • When he did it with his hands the ink did not come out evenly. • They had a press so that the water would dry out of the paper. • That is when Johann decided he needed to make a press. He and his partners gathered the materials and started their work. • By 1450 he was back in Mainz because he was running out of money for his paper, metal, and all the ink. • He also printed The Bible of 42 lines, the oldest surviving book in the western world. • It was completed by August 15, 1456. • While he was alive no printed material was credited to him.
William Shakespeare – P1 • William Shakespeare is regarded by many as the greatest play-write of all time. • His writings have been translated into more languages than any other author. • In writing his plays, Shakespeare created up to 1,700 words including the word ‘assassination’.
William Shakespeare – P2 • He is credited to have written 39 plays including Hamlet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar and Romeo and Juliet (left). • His plays were divided into three types – comedies, tragedies and histories. • Interesting fact: Shakespeare’s wife and children were illiterate.
Summary of the Renaissance – P1 • No period of history can boast of greater beauty than The Renaissance. • This was the period, from approximately early 14th century to late 16th century, that gave us Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare. • The word 'renaissance' is a French word which means 'rebirth'. • The people credited with beginning The Renaissance were deliberately trying to imitate the classical models of Ancient Greek and Rome. • They were attempting to return to that golden age that they felt represented a high point for civilization.
Summary of the Renaissance – P2 • This was an age when the world seemed to come alive with invention, creativity, imagination and curiosity. • It was an age of exploration marked by the voyages of Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Marco Polo. • Florence was the heart of great art. • At the beginning of The Renaissance, Italy, just as in the golden age of Ancient Rome, was again the centre of world culture. • Genoa, Milan, Venice, Rome, Verona and Florence were economic, trade and financial leaders for Europe. The Renaissance movement quickly spread all over the continent. • The invention of the Gutenberg printing press in 1450 is a milestone which marks the beginning of The Renaissance. • It allowed the spread of ideas possible at a faster rate and in a broader geographical sense. • It made The Renaissance possible as a European-wide phenomenon.
Follow-On Questions –P1 • In what Italian city was the Renaissance said to have started? • What two civilizations were the Humanists said to have imitated? • What were the two periods of Renaissance Art called and name 2 artists of each. • Name 2 famous pieces each by Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. • Name 3 inventions of the Renaissance Age. • What discovery did Galileo make about the Earth? • Who invented the Printing Press? • How many plays did Shakespeare write and name 3 of them.
Follow-On Questions –P1 • A. Why, do you think the Renaissance took off in Florence and across Europe? • B. What links can be made between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance? • C. Why, do you think was the Printing Press referred to as the most significant invention ever?
