Organizations: Definitions

1. Organizations: Definitions • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles. • Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military organization that is not sufficiently strong to confront the military of a state in a conventional battle. • Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is not sufficiently strong to maintain an identifiable group for an extended time.

2. Examples of States • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles • United States • Axis in WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan • According to this definition not all nations are states

3. American Guerrilla: Francis Marion • Called the ‘Swamp Fox’ • Carried out raids through South Carolina in the Revolution • Wrote book on guerrilla war • Promises that you make to yourself are often like the Japanese plum tree - they bear no fruit.

4. American Guerrilla: George Washington • The Indispensable Man • Kept American forces from defeat during Revolution

5. Confederate Guerrilla: John Mosby • Called the ‘Gray Ghost’ • Captured Union General Edwin H. Stoughton • Led partisans in northern Virginia

6. Confederate Guerrilla: William C. Quantrill • Massacred males in Lawrence, Kansas

7. Apache Guerrilla: Geronimo • Bedonkohe Apache leader of the Chiricahua Apache, led his people's defense of their homeland against the U.S. military after the death of Cochise. • In 1886 Geronimo and a small band “brokeout.” 5,000 white soldiers and 500 Indian auxiliaries were employed at various times in the capture of the Apaches. Five months and 1,645 miles later, Geronimo was tracked to his camp in Mexico's Sonora mountains.

8. Communist Guerrilla: Mao • Led Long March • Fought Kuomintang and the Japanese • Saw ‘People’s War’ progressing to conventional war • Leading guerilla war theorist

9. Communist Guerrilla: Tito • Fought Nazi takeover of Yugoslavia • Became dictator

10. Communist Guerrilla: Che Guevera • Home-schooled, read Marx, Engels, Freud • Argentine physician, worked in leper colony • Second in command when Castro deposed Batista

11. Communist Guerrilla: Che Guevera • Urged Castro towards Communism • Broke with Castro, Soviets, moves towards Maoism and anarchism • Killed in failed guerrilla war in Bolivia • "It is better to die standing than to live on your knees."

12. Communist Guerrilla: Carlos Fonscea • Legendary Sandinista National Liberation Front of Nicaragua (FSLN) leader • Ideological leader of the Sandinistas • Killed by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1976 • Matidle Zimmermann wrote biography

13. Communist Guerrillas: Ho and Giap • Fought Japanese in World War II • Defeated the French at Dienbienphu in 1954 • Fought against South Vietnam and the US

14. British Guerrilla: T. E. Lawrence • Lawrence of Arabia: In 1916, along with Faisal al Husaynled Arabs against Turks • Documented adventures in Seven Pillars of Wisdom • Spent much of life arguing for Arab independence

15. Mexican Guerrillas: Zapatistas • January 1994 seized several towns in Chiapas • Subcommandante Marcos is the main spokesman • Anti-capitalist, supports equal rights for Indians

16. Reign of Terror • French Revolution: 1793-1794 • Origin of the term “terrorist.”

17. Jewish Terrorists: Zealots • They believed that they served God by killing God’s enemies • Assassinated Jews who collaborated with the Romans • Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot may have been Zealots. • Destroyed by Roman 10th Legion in 66 AD at Masada

18. American Terrorist: John Brown • Pottawatomie Creek • Harpers Ferry

19. American Terrorists: Klu Klux Klan • Racist-protestant group established in southern US after the Civil War • Undergone many changes throughout its history • Still active in US

20. American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh • Gulf War veteran • Oklahoma City Bombing

21. American Terrorist: John Allen Muhammad • Gulf War Veteran • With John Lee Malvo killed 10 and wounded 3 in DC area sniper case

22. American Terrorist: Ted Kaczynski • Former Berkeley professor • Wrote Industrial Society And Its Future

23. Palestinian Terrorists: Hamas • Arose during Intifada of 1987 • Has conducted suicide bombings against Israel • Strongly opposes Yasir Arafat

24. Peruvian Terrorists: Shining Path • Peruvian communist group founded in 1970 • Turned to terrorism in the 1980s • Led to deaths of approximately 25000 persons • Once several thousand strong now greatly weakened

25. Italian Terrorists: Red Brigades • Formed in 1969 to break Italy from western alliance • Assassinated Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978 • Kidnapped US Army General Dozier in 1981 • Now fewer than 50 members

26. Organizations: Definitions • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles. • Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military organization that is not sufficiently strong to confront the military of a state in a conventional battle. • Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is not sufficiently strong to maintain an identifiable group for an extended time.

27. Organizational Goals • States: To 1) maintain their group in power and 2) dispense resources among the supporters of the government. • Guerillas-To become a state • Terrorists-To become a guerilla organization and eventually a state.

28. Organizational Goals • States: To 1) protect against threats from outside the system (e.g., terrorists, guerillas, other states), 2) protect against threats from within the system (e.g., other politicians, rival groups, dissidents, unfavorable press, etc.) and 3) dispense resources among the supporters of the government. • Guerillas-To become a state • Terrorists-To become a guerilla organization

29. Research Model: Predictors of Organizational Success Correlate 1 + . . . . . + Correlate n = Goal (success, failure) For instance, Strong Ideology + . . . . . + Attack State Symbols = Goal

30. Components of Our Analysis • Organizations: States, guerillas, terrorists • Citizens: Opponents and supporters of the state • Infrastructure and Resources: Food, transportation, airports, etc. • Communication Network: Television, radio, internet, word of mouth

31. Principles Guiding Our Analysis • No moral assessment is implied in labeling a group a terrorist, guerilla or state organization. These groups are simply mechanisms for gaining social influence • Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have existed and will exist throughout history • Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have different goals and employ different strategies • Larger organizations use strategies of smaller organizations but smaller organizations are rarely capable of using strategies of larger organizations