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INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY *INSTRUMENTATION*

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY *INSTRUMENTATION*. By Maria Ailyn L. Bancale Johanna C. Claro Helen K. Magdaraog. What are the tires of your car and the soles of your shoes made of ? If you thought of rubber, you were thinking of one of many products that would not exist as it does today without

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INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY *INSTRUMENTATION*

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  1. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY*INSTRUMENTATION* By Maria Ailyn L. Bancale Johanna C. Claro Helen K. Magdaraog

  2. What are the tires of your car and the soles of your shoes made of ? If you thought of rubber, you were thinking of one of many products that would not exist as it does today without infrared spectroscopy. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a way to measure characteristic vibrations of molecules, making it one of the most popular techniques in chemistry for the last 45 years. Infrared spectroscopy entered into widespread use after the government utilized the technique with great success for large-scale production of synthetic rubber during World War II.

  3. Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy measures the vibrations of molecules. Each functional group, or structural characteristic, of a molecule has a unique vibrational frequency that can be used to determine what functional groups are in a sample. When the effects of all the different functional groups are taken together, the result is a unique molecular "fingerprint" that can be used to confirm the identity of a sample.

  4. Butadiene was the essential chemical ingredient of the synthetic rubber program during World War II. Butadiene molecules were linked in long polymer chains to produce synthetic rubber. Knowing the concentration and purity of butadiene was essential to controlling rubber quality, and infrared spectroscopy was the only technique that could accurately gauge these properties. Finding the concentration and purity of hydrocarbons is only the very tip of what infrared spectroscopy can do. Because of its versatility and convenience, IR spectroscopy is now an essential in almost every branch of chemistry.

  5. Landmark Instrument: Perkin-Elmer 21 The Perkin-Elmer 21 was the first commercially successful dual-beam infrared spectrometer. Its introduction came after several technological hurdles, but the PE 21 allowed scientists to take high resolution IR spectra quickly and reproducibly for the first time, ushering in a new era in chemical analysis and identification.

  6. The dual-beam system and chart recorder of the Perkin-Elmer 21 made infrared spectrometry a viable method for chemical analysis. Compared to the single-beam optics and cantankerous behavior of the PE 12, its predecessor, the PE 21 was revolutionary. With the introduction of Fourier Transform IR spectrometry (FT-IR), IR instruments were suddenly able to produce better spectra in less time than ever before. This technology, as well as a few other improvements, are found in almost every modern IR instrument.

  7. Perkin-Elmer 21 IR Spectrophotometer http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/irtutor/tutorial.html

  8. How Instrument works?The Perkin-Elmer 21 Infrared spectrometer The Perkin-Elmer 21 Infrared spectrometer was the first infrared instrument to use a dual-beam optical system. In a dual beam infrared instrument, the infrared beam is split using mirrors to make two beams. One of the beams goes through a blank, or reference, cell while the other beam goes through the sample. The beams are read in fast succession by the detector and the signal from the reference beam is subtracted from the sample beam, resulting in a much more precise spectrum in a shorter amount of time. The dual beam design of the PE 21 avoided many of the problems that kept its predecessor, the Perkin-Elmer 12, from being a tool worth using by non-spectroscopists. With the advent of the PE 21, infrared spectroscopy became a tool for chemists of all disciplines, particularly organic and polymerchemistry.

  9. How Instruments work?Modern IR Spectrophotometry Modern infrared spectrometers are very different from the early dispersive instruments that were introduced in the 1940s. While there is still a need for dual-beam dispersive instruments in high-precision work, most instruments today use a Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) system.A Fourier transform is a mathematical operation used to translate a complex curve into its component curves. In a Fourier transform infrared instrument, the complex curve is an interferogram, or the sum of the constructive and destructive interferences generated by overlapping light waves, and the component curves are the infrared spectrum.

  10. The standard infrared spectrum is calculated from the Fourier-transformed interferogram, giving a spectrum in percent transmittance (%T) vs. light frequency (cm-1). An interferogram is generated because of the unique optics of an FT-IR instrument. The key components are a moveable mirror and beam splitter. The moveable mirror is responsible for the quality of the interferogram, and it is very important to move the mirror at constant speed. For this reason, the moveable mirror is often the most expensive component of an FT-IR spectrometer. The beam splitter is just a piece of semi-reflective material,

  11. usually mylar film sandwiched between two pieces of IR-transparent material. The beam splitter splits the IR beam 50/50 to the fixed and moveable mirrors, and then recombines the beams after being reflected at each mirror.

  12. Spectrophotometry is the quantitative study of electromagnetic spectra It is more specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared. Also, the term does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.

  13. Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color,or more specifically, the wavelength of light.There are many kinds of spectrophotometers. Among the most important distinctions used to classify them are the wavelengths they work with, the measurement techniques they use, how they acquire a spectrum, and the sources of intensity variation they are designed to measure. Other important features of spectrophotometers include the spectral bandwidth and linear range.

  14. Spectrophotometer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometer

  15. Comprised of 4 models, RT8A series is built to withstand demands of measuring temperature of moving materials, webs, or inaccessible objects in hostile production environments. Non-contact, 2-wire instruments cover operating temperatures from 0 to +1,000°F and are protected by NEMA 4X housing, which can be supplemented by optional cooling and lens purging facilities. Response time is adjustable from 1-10 sec, and accuracy is less than 0.5% of span.

  16. New Rugged Infrared Thermometer Takes Everyday Knocks in the Production LineThe new RT8A infrared thermometer from Land Instruments International is sturdily built to withstand the rigours of measuring the temperature of moving materials, webs or inaccessible objects without contact in hostile production environments.Measuring product temperature in this way can improve quality, conserve energy, and optimise production rates without contaminating, damaging or interfering with the process or material.

  17. Encompassing four models covering operating temperatures from 0 to 500°C/0 to 1,000°F, the two wire stand-alone RT8A range of infrared thermometers is suitable for a wide variety of primary OEM and end-user applications in industries as diverse as asphalt, mineral processing, glass, food, paper, converting, plastics, printing and textiles.

  18. The environmental protection provided by the rugged, NEMA 4X/IP65 rated housing can be supplemented by optional cooling and lens purging facilities when required to provide two levels of protection from the hazards of hostile environments.A comprehensive choice of mounting and protection accessories from the well-proven System 4 range makes it easy to install the thermometer at the optimum point in the process. Wiring connections are simple to make, and no tools are required to access the protected thermometer.

  19. RT8A thermometers are designed to be integrated directly into a simple two-wire 4 to 20mA current loop for measuring, monitoring or control purposes.Accurate, reliable and stable temperature measurement is assured by the RT8A's response time, which is adjustable from 1 to 10s; accuracy within <0.5% of span;and minimal drift with change in ambient temperature of £1.5°C per 10°C. http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/483674/rss

  20. IR Thermometer

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