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Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for

Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for NICA/MPD working group. Quark Gluon Plasma.

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Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for

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  1. Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for NICA/MPDworking group

  2. Quark Gluon Plasma Physicists have long thought that a new state of matter could be reached if the short range repulsive forces between nucleons could be overcome and if squeezed nucleons would merge into one another. Present theoretical ideas provide a more precise picture for this new state of matter: it should be a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons, the fundamental constituents of matter, are no longer confined within the dimensions of the nucleon, but free to move around over a volume in which a high enough temperature and/or density prevails. This plasma also exhibits the so-called "chiral symmetry" which in normal nuclear matter is spontaneously broken, resulting in effective quark masses which are much larger than the actual masses. For the transition temperature to this new state, lattice QCD calculations give values between 140 and 180 MeV, corresponding to an energy density in the neighborhood of 1 GeV/fm3, or seven times that of nuclear matter. Temperatures and energy densities above these values existed in the early universe during the first few microseconds after the Big Bang.

  3. Phase transitions Phase diagram of nuclear matter Phase diagram of water cross-over critical point 1st order phase transition The qualitative shape of the equation of state for hot hadronic matter at zero chemical potential. Fig. (a) refers to a first order phase transition with metastable states (dashed parts of the curves), Fig. (b) corresponds to a smooth transition. L. Van Hove Z. Phys. C 27, 135-144 (1985) the end point of a 1st order line = a critical point of the 2nd order (at the critical point the phases start to be indistinguishable)

  4. Phase transition in hadronic matter Lattice QCD results for the energy density ε/ T 4 as a function of the temperature scaled by the critical temperature TC . The arrows on the right side indicating the values for the Stefan-Boltzmann limit. F. Karsch, Lect. Notes Phys. 583 (2002) 209 Theoretical phase diagram of nuclear matter for two massless quarks as a function of temperature T and baryon chemical potential µ K. Rajagopal, Acta Phys. Polon. B31 (2000) 3021

  5. CERN lead beam programme Time: from 1994 to 1999 Seven large experiments: NA44, NA45/CERES, NA49, NA50, NA52/NEWMASS, WA97/NA57, and WA98 There were multipurpose detectors to measure simultaneously and correlate several of the more abundant observables and dedicated experiments to detect rare signatures with high statistics

  6. NA49

  7. Evidence for a New State of Matter: Results From the CERN Lead Beam Programme A common assessment of the collected data leads us to conclude that we now have compelling evidence that a new state of matter has indeed been created, at energy densities which had never been reached over appreciable volumes in laboratory experiments before and which exceed by more than a factor 20 that of normal nuclear matter. The new state of matter found in heavy ion collisions at the SPS features many of the characteristics of the theoretically predicted quark-gluon plasma. The evidence for this new state of matter is based on a multitude of different observations. Many hadronic observables show a strong nonlinear dependence on the number of nucleons which participate in the collision. Models based on hadronic interaction mechanisms have consistently failed to simultaneously explain the wealth of accumulated data. On the other hand, the data exhibit many of the predicted signatures for a quark-gluon plasma. Even if a full characterization of the initial collision stage is presently not yet possible, the data provide strong evidence that it consists of deconfined quarks and gluons.

  8. STAR Pedestal&flow subtracted Striking New STAR Results • In central Au+Au collisions: • Strong suppression of inclusive hadron production • Disappearance of the away-side jet • d+Au looks like p+p • Jet quenching in the dense medium

  9. RHIC 2005 White papers Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration. arXiv:nucl-ex/0410003 Experimental and Theoretical Challenges inthe Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma:The STAR Collaboration’s CriticalAssessment of the Evidence from RHICCollisions. arXiv:nucl-ex/0501009 The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC. Nuclear Physics A Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate atRHIC? Theperspective from the BRAHMSexperiment. Nuclear Physics A 757 (2005) 1–27 The theory-experiment comparison indicates that central Au+Au collisionsat RHICproduce a unique form of strongly interacting matter, with somedramatic andsurprisingly simple properties. A number of the most strikingexperimental results have been described to a reasonable quantitative level,and in some cases even predicted beforehand, using theoretical treatmentsinspired by QCD and based on QGP formation in the early stages of thecollisions.

  10. M.G.Gorenstein JINR Winter school, 2006

  11. RHIC at 9.2 GeV STAR Low Energy Commissioning √sNN = 9.2 GeV Au+Au Collisions taken on June 7, 2007 - Au+Au Collisions at √sNN = 22, 9.2 GeV are done. - Next: ~ 5 GeV, in 2008! Nu Xu “Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinment”, GSI, July 2007

  12. Compressed Barionic Matter Dynamical trajectories for central (b = 2fm) Au + Au collisions in T − nB (left ) and T −µB (right) plane for various bombarding energies calculated within the relativistic3-fluid hydrodynamics. Numbers near the trajectories are the evolution time moment. Phaseboundaries are estimated in a two-phase bag model. Y.B. Ivanov, V.N. Russkikh and V.D. Toneev, nucl-th/0503088.

  13. FAIR at GSI Construction costs: 1187 M€

  14. Compressed Barionic Matter (CBM)

  15. CBM Physics

  16. Round Table Discussion Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting matter at the JINR Nuclotron July 7 - 9, 2005 ProgramTalks Organizing CommitteePhotographs Research Program & Expert's Report http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2005/roundtable/

  17. Round Table Discussion II Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting matter at the JINR Nuclotron: Nuclotron facility development JINR, Dubna, October 6-7,2006 Conceptional project Design and construction of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) and Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2006/roundtable/booklet.html http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2006/roundtable/

  18. NICA/MPD goals and physics problems Study of in-medium properties of hadrons and nuclear equation of state, including a search for possible signs of deconfinement and/or chiral symmetry restoration phase transitions and QCD critical endpointin the region of√s NN=4-9 GeV by means of careful scanning in beam energy and centrality of excitation functions for the first stage ♣Multiplicity and global characteristics of identified hadrons including multi-strange particles ♣Fluctuations in multiplicity and transverse momenta ♣Directed and elliptic flows for various hadrons ♣HBT and particle correlations the second stage ♣ Electromagnetic probes (photons and dileptons)

  19. NICA general layout Circumference 251.2 m Cost saving factors: •No new buildings, no additional power lines. •No extra heat, water cooling power. Averaged luminosity (1-1.5)1027 cm-2s-1

  20. NICA scheme Injector: 2×109 ions/pulse of 238U30+ at energy 5 MeV/u Booster (30 Tm) 5 single-turn injections, storage of 8×109 at electron cooling bunching & acceleration up to 590 MeV/u Collider (37  45 Tm) Storage of 20 bunches  2.5109 ions per ring at 3.5 GeV/u max., electron and/or stochastic cooling Stripping (eff. 40%) 238U32+  238U92+ Nuclotron (45) Tm) injection of one bunch of 3×109 ions, acceleration up to 3.5 GeV/u max. Two collider rings IP-1 IP-2 2x20 injection cycles

  21. Preinjector + Linac Injector concept KRION suspended up to 200 kV RFQ pre-accelerator Linac (unique design, “H-wave” type) Equipment to be delivered by IHEP 1) RFQ + Linac structures 2) RF generators 3) Diagnostic system 4) Control system 5) Water cooling system Cost estimates Conceptual design ~ $ 10 k Design, manufacturing at IHEP and assembling at JINR ~ $ 10 M

  22. Nuclotron Booster Booster “Warm” booster on base of the Synchrophasotron • B = 30 Tm, C = 210 m • 5 single-turn injections • Storage of 8×109238U32+ at electron cooling • 3) bunching • 4) Acceleration up to 590 MeV/u • 5) Extraction & stripping

  23. Booster (Contnd) Cost estimate, $ M (the Central Machinery Workshop of JINR) 1) One dipole magnet of 1.36 T max field  0.315 2) 70 dipole magnets  2.2 3) Total cost of the booster ~ 8.0

  24. Electron cooling system MPD Collider

  25. Collider parameters

  26. KRION + HV “platform” 0.25 Injector (IHEP design) 10Booster 8Collider 2 x 10 Total ~ 40 NICA Cost Estimates ($M)

  27. MPD general layout Zero Degree Calorimeter Silicon Vertex System TOFF TPC TOF Simulated tracks from U+U collision with √sNN= 9 GeV energy with UrQMD model.

  28. 200 cm Multi-Purpose Detector ECal TOF RPC 25 cm Tracker (TPC) Forward ECAL 30 cm SVD 4 planes ZDC TOF Start TOF Start 300 cm Interaction region ~50 cm 350 cm

  29. Required MPD parameters • |y|<2 acceptance and 2π continuous azimuthal coverage • High track reconstruction efficiency • Adequate track length for tracking, momentum measurement and particle identification • Momentum resolution Δp/p<0.02 for 0.1< p<2 GeV/c • Two-track resolution providing a momentum difference resolution of few MeV/c for HBT correlation studies • Determination of the primary vertex better than 200m for high momentum resolution to be able to identify particles from the primary interaction • Determination of secondary vertices for detecting the decay ofstrange particles such asΛ, Κ0s, Ξ±, Ω- • The fraction of registered vertex pions >75% MPD cost estimate ($M) ~ 25 Silicon vertex detector 4.8 Time projection chamber 5.0 TOFsystem4.0 EM calorimeter barrel 3.5

  30. The Project Milestones • •Stage 1: years 2007 – 2008 • - Upgrate and Development of the Nuclotron facility - Preparation of Technical Design Report • - Start for prototyping of the MPD and NICA elements • •Stage 2: years 2008 – 2012 • -Design and Construction of NICA and MPD detector • Design and Construction of the Booster Accelerator • •Stage 3:years 2010 – 2013 • - Assembling • •Stage 4: year 2013 • - Commissioning Round Table Discussion III, Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting QCD matter at the NICA/MPD (JINR,Dubna) January, 2008 http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2008/

  31. NICA

  32. compression heat NICA

  33. Ion Source Ion Sources comparison(Experimental results) Crucial parameter: Ions per sec! Thus, KRION has very significant advantage!

  34. Booster Base of the Synchrophasotron Booster (Contnd)

  35. 31 m d  238U32+ 5 MeV/u Injector: Ion Source + Preinjector + Linac

  36. Time Table of The Storage Process KRION RFQ LINAC Booster Nuclotron Collider 3.5 GeV/u 590 MeV/u 5 MeV/u 300 keV/u 20 keV/u Eion/A electron cooling 5 cycles of injection 2x20 cycles of injection 8s 0.1s 1s 3s 2 min NICA scheme (Contnd) 2 x 41010 ions of 238U92+ t

  37. Assembling of the ZDC at INR (Troitsk)

  38. The Nuclotron 6 A·GeV synchrotron based on unique fast-cycling superferric magnets, was designed and constructed at JINR for five years (1987-1992) and put into operation in March 1993. The annual running time of 2000 hours was provided during the last years.

  39. Preinjector + Linac Negotiations at IHEP (Protvino) 21-22 June 2007 Prototype of the linac for CERN

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