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Environmental Effects of Bottled Water

Environmental Effects of Bottled Water. Karin L. Lightfoot Walden University. Objectives. Upon completion of the presentation, the viewer will be able to: Report the amount of bottled water consumption in the United States. Identify the governing agencies that regulate water safety.

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Environmental Effects of Bottled Water

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  1. Environmental Effects of Bottled Water Karin L. Lightfoot Walden University

  2. Objectives Upon completion of the presentation, the viewer will be able to: • Report the amount of bottled water consumption in the United States. • Identify the governing agencies that regulate water safety. • Discuss three environmental health concerns related to bottled water. • State two ways that bottled water effects the environment.

  3. Drinking Water • Water is vital for life (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) • Water comes from a variety of sources (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) • Stay hydrated for good health (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) References: United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009). Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  4. Beliefs About Bottled Water • Study participants believed bottled water had health benefits (Ward et al., 2009) • Main reason most people bought bottled water was for convenience (Ward et Ward et al., 2009) References: Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H., Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S. M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi: 10.1186/1471-24586/1471-2458-9-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  5. Bottled Water Consumption • Second most popular beverage purchased in the United States • Soft drinks are the most popular (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2009) • Americans drank over 9.1 billion gallons of bottled water in 2011 (International Bottled Water Association, 2012) References: United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows-significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011

  6. Safe Drinking Water • Regulations (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) Community Water- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Safe Drinking Water Act Bottled Water- United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act References: United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  7. FDA Standards • FDA regulates water source and bottling conditions (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2009) • FDA standards mostly similar to EPA standards (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) • Differences include info shared with consumers and standard levels for DEHP (potentially harmful compound used in plastics) (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) References: United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety of bottled water beverages. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM239631.pdf United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf

  8. BPA • Bottled water is often packaged in plastic bottles (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) • BPA is a chemical found in plastics (National Toxicology Program, 2010) • Widespread exposure (National Toxicology Program, 2010) • Health concerns (National Library of Medicine, 2012; National Toxicology Program, 2010) References: National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69 National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm

  9. Protection from BPAs • Reduce risk of leaching (Cheng, Adams, & Ma, 2010) • Avoid heat • Wash containers prior to use • Use of Non-BPA Containers (Cooper, Kendig, & Belcher, 2010) • Stainless steel or aluminum water bottles References: Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 17(7), 1323-30. Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947.

  10. Cryptosporidium • Parasite • Common water-borne illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011a) • Causes gastro-intestinal illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011a) • Risk to immune compromised (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) • Not all processing effective against Crypto (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 101o; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  11. Fluoride • Fluoride protects oral health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) • Not all bottled water contains fluoride • Read the label • Be cautious of dental fluorosis • A discoloration in the teeth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011b; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c) References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Dental fluorosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  12. Energy Use • Imagine a water bottle…. (National Geographic Kids, n. d.) • Energy required to process and deliver bottled water (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) • Estimated 2000 times energy needed for tap water (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) • Between 32 to 54 Million barrels of oil (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) References: Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009. Retrieved from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

  13. Reducing Plastic Bottle Waste • Recycling • Not all plastic bottles are recycled • (United States Food and Drug Agency, 2012; National Geographic Kids, n. d., International Bottled Water Association, 2012) • Alternate options • Tap verses Bottled Water (Food & Water Watch. 2007) References: Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows-significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011 National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap? Retrieved from http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottle-pollution/ United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm

  14. References • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). Parasites cryptosporidium also known as crypto. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Fluorosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2 • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). A guide to commercially-bottled water and other beverages. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/bottled.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp • Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 17(7), 1323-30.

  15. References • Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947. • Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf • Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009. Retrieved from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf • International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows-significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011 • National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap? Retrieved from http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottle-pollution/ • National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69 • National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf

  16. References • United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009). Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm • United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm • United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety of bottled water beverages. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM239631.pdf • United States Government Accountability Office. (2009). Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf • Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H., Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S. M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi: 10.1186/1471-24586/1471-2458-9-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196

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