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Factors Influencing IQ in Children and Adolescents in Malaysia: A Study

This study examines the influence of lifestyle and environmental factors on the IQ of children and adolescents in Malaysia. It explores the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to differences in IQ among different populations.

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Factors Influencing IQ in Children and Adolescents in Malaysia: A Study

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  1. Swamy K B MAHSA University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Life Style and Environmental factors Influence the IQ in Children and Adolescents- A study in Malaysia

  2. What is an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) ??????? Why is it different among different people, different nations and different ethnics?

  3. An Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from one of several standardized tests  designed to assess  human intelligence. IQ = MA / CA x 100 The abbreviation for "IQ" was coined by the  psychologistWilliam Stern for the German term  Intelligenz quotient,

  4. What is your IQ

  5. National IQ Scores - Country Rankings- SOURCE: Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen, Jelte Wicherts. The highest IQ scores in East Asian nations such as Singapore- 108 South Korea- 106 China and Japan - 105 while the lowest IQ scores were reported in African nations Kenya 72 Ghana- 71 IQ scores of countries were in between, such as Germany 99 United States of America 98 France 98 Malaysia 92 Indonesia 87 India 84 9

  6. Factors influencing the IQ of the human Nature- Genetic factors- & II. Nurture- Environmental factors influence a lot on cognitive development. I Nature- polygenic Heritability Twin studies Prenatal and postnatal Neuronal Synaptic pruning- “ use or lose” Neuronal mylenation

  7. II. Nurture- Environmental factors Biological factors 1. Nutrition-has been shown to effect human intelligence through out life span 2. Breast feeding 3 . Breakfast 4. Stress b. Socio-cultural factors;- i. Schooling- Access to education, training , resources Peer groups Socio economic status Parental income Parental Education Order of sibling Family culture-

  8. Nutrition • Poverty • Lack of education • Low culture • Junk foods

  9. Peer groups • In the school • Tours & Travels • Visiting out families

  10. Socio-Economic status • High income groups • High Social status

  11. Parents' education

  12. Breast feeding • Exclusive BF • Employed mothers • Modern culture • Beauty conscious • Sick mothers • Lack of education • Superstitions

  13. Introduction Intelligence quotient (IQ) encompasses a wide range of brain activities that leads to the ability of the brain to • learn from past experiences • adapt to changing conditions and environment [1] 17

  14. Introduction Cont. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is related to many longevity factors including • Life expectancy • Fertility • Maternal and infant mortality rate • Daily intakes of calories, proteins and fats • Crime rate including murder, rape and assaults[1-3]. IQ is dependent on • Genetic factors • Environmental factors [1-6] 18

  15. Introduction Cont…. Genetic factors --- • Race and ethnicity suggested to be important factors in determining the IQ • In Monozygotic twin studies IQ was found to be highly correlated to genetics[4]. 19

  16. Environmental factors---- The Flynn effect: “Environmental improvement can lead to increased IQ of a nation over time” [8] • The Flynn effect  (James Robert Flynn (1934) • is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. • Changes in national IQ scores over time [1]. Flynn effect • No effect in the developed countries • Still effective in underdeveloped and developing countries[1]. 20

  17. Hypothesis • Larger cranial capacity • indicator of larger brain • indicates more grey and white matter • Higher IQ score • Serves as an important genetic indicator for the IQ • Can link ethnicity and race to the IQ of a person [6] 21

  18. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to assess the craniofacial indices and IQ Levels of children and adolescents in Malaysia 22

  19. Malaysia • Fast developing country • Consists of 3 different ethnicities (Malay, Chinese and Indian) Study hypothesis • Malaysian population might have different head size and IQ compared to other East Asian countries due to environmental and genetic differences 23

  20. Materials & Methods Study design • Cross sectional study Subjects • Malaysian school children Sampling frame • 9 primary and 10 secondary schools were randomly selected • 22-24 students were randomly recruited from each school Study location • Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia 24

  21. Materials & Methods Cont. Cephalometric measurements • Cranial length (L) • Cranial breadth (B) • Cranial height (H) • Cephalic index=(B/L)×100 • Cranial capacity [9] • Males: 0.000337x(L-11)x(B-11)x(H-11)+406.01cc • Females: 0.000400x(L-11)x(B-11)x(H-11)+206.60cc • (Lee Pearson’s formula) 25

  22. Materials & Methods Cont. Measurement • Body weight (BW) and Body height (BH) • Subjects were measured with student clothing • Empty pockets • Bare footed • Mean of 2 times measurements was used • Body mass index (BMI)=BW(kg)/(BH(m))2 • BMI percentile for age (WHO growth chart) 26

  23. Materials and Methods Cont. Instruments • Sliding calliperwas used for measuring head length, breadth and height • Spreading calliperwas used for measuring facial length and breadth 27

  24. WASI- II

  25. Materials and Methods cont. The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-second edition (WASI-II) • assess the IQ • provides two types of scores including • Scaled scores : 4 subtests comprising of 1.Block design, 2. Vocabulary, 3. Matrixreasoning and 4. Similarities. • Composite scores : include 1. Verbal comprehension index (VCI), 2. Perceptual reasoning index (PRI) and 3. Full scale IQ (FSIQ). • The reliability coefficients of WASI-II were previously reported to be 0.93 for children and 0.96 for adults[11] 29

  26. Materials & Methods Cont. Statistical analysis • Normality test: Kolmogrov-Smirnov • Mean and standard deviation (SD) • Independent t-test for comparison • Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) • Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.00 (IBM Inc, Chicago, Il, USA) 30

  27. Flow chart of the study 31

  28. A School in Malaysia 32

  29. School Students at data collection 33

  30. Materials and Methods Cont. Height measurement Weight measurement 34

  31. Materials and Methods Cranial length Cranialbreadth 35

  32. Materials and Methods Cranial height 36

  33. Results Cont. 419 subjects gave consent to participate in the study Male Female 37

  34. There was a significant difference between parents’ education level with monthly income (p=0.0001) and having breakfast before class session (p=0.034). • Parent’s education level, which was SPM level is the highest percentage 31.4%, diploma level with 25.6%. • The highest monthly income was less than RM1,500 with 33.7% (n=106). • Many students (81.9%, n=244) were having breakfast before class session. • Monthly income significantly different with types of food taken for breakfast with p value 0.003.

  35. Positive correlation between cranial capacity with were as below • block design (r = 0.185, p = 0.0001), • matrix reasoning (r = 0.159, p = 0.001), • vocabulary (r = 0.102, p = 0.037) and • similarities (r = 0.122, p = 0.013) The results show significantly difference between cranial capacity with block design, vocabulary, matrix reasoning and similarities (p value <0.05)

  36. Correlation of Cranial Capacity with Mental Ability (Verbal comprehension (VCI)& perceptual reasoning (PRI) * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2 –tailed) ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 –tailed) Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  37. Cranial Capacity Male x ± SEM (SD): 1282.72 ± 8.84 (125.63) Female x ± SEM (SD): 1173.25 ± 158.12 (158.12) P value = 0.0001 Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  38. Cranial measurements * Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 –tailed) Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  39. Demographic data - Breakfast Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  40. Parent’s Education Level Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  41. Parent’s Monthly Income Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  42. Demographic Data Cranial Study UniSZA 2013

  43. Results Cont. Anthropometric measurements 47

  44. Results Cont. Cephalometry and facial measurements 48

  45. Results Cont. 49

  46. Results Cont. 50

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