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Chordate Comparison

Explore the characteristics and organ systems of different chordate and vertebrate groups, including Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Jawless Fishes, Sharks, Bony Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds.

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Chordate Comparison

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  1. Chordate Comparison

  2. What are the characteristics of a chordate? • Dorsal hallow nerve cord • Notochord • Pharyngeal pouches • A tail beyond the anus

  3. Subphylum Urochordata • Tunicates • Filter feeders • Nerve cord • Notochord,pharyngeal pouches • Temporary tail • Gill slits

  4. Subphylum cephalochordata • Lancelets • Nerve cord • Notochord,pharyngeal pouches • Temporary tail • Gills • Closed circulatory system,no true heart • Muscle units

  5. Fishes-jawless-lampreys’ class • No true teeth or jaws • Fibers and cartilage in skeleton • Lack vertebrae and keep notochords • Filter feeders as larvae and parasitic as adults • Suck up tissues and body fluids

  6. Fishes-jawless-hagfishes’ class • No true teeth or jaws • Fibers and cartilage in skeleton • Lack vertebrae and keep notochords • Feed on dead or dying fish with toothed tongue • 6 hearts and open circulatory system

  7. Class Chondrichdyes • Sharks,rays,and skates • Cartilaginous skeleton • Toothlike scales on skin • May have 1000’s of teeth

  8. Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish

  9. Organ systems in fish • Fish may be herbivores,carnivores,parasites,filterfeeders,detritus eaters • Esophagus,stomach,pyloricceca,liver,pancreas,anus

  10. Organ systems in fish • Most exchange gases using gills • Most have a single gill opening • Lungfish can survive in O2 poor water

  11. Organ systems in fish-movement • Alternatly contacting paired sets of muscles on either side of backbone • Creates s curve and tail propels forward • Swim bladder adjusts buoyancy

  12. Organ systems in fish-reproduction • Eggs fertilized externally or internally • Oviparous-eggs hatch outside body • Ovoviviporous-eggs hatch in mothers body-as in guppies • Viviporous-embryos stay in mother’s body but get nourishment from her,instead of from egg-example-sharks

  13. Amphibians-anatomy and info • Lives in water as larvae and land as adult • Moist skin w/glands and lacks scales and claws

  14. Amphibians-anatomy -digestion • Tadpoles filter feeders and eat algae/adults meat eating • Mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestines(food absorption),large intestine,,cloaca(for urine ,wastes and eggs or sperm),liver,pancreas,gall bladder

  15. Amphibians-anatomy -respiration • Larvae-skin and gills/lungs in adults,usually/salamanders have poor lungs or none and respire through skin and mouth

  16. Amphibians-anatomy -circulation • Double loop-1st loop carries O2 poor blood from heart to lungs and skin /2nd loop carries O2 rich blood from heart to body and O2 poor blood back to heart • 3 chamber heart

  17. Amphibians-anatomy -excretion • Kidneys to filter wastes from blood

  18. Amphibians-anatomy -reproduction • sexual • Eggs w/o shells • Laid in water • Larvae are tadpoles

  19. Varieties • Order urodela-salamanders and newts-long bodies and tails,usually 4 legs,in woods or water • Order anura-frogs or toads • Order apodacaecillians-legless

  20. Reptiles’ anatomy and info • Dry,scaly skin,lungs,eggs w/ several membranes

  21. Reptiles’ anatomy -Body temperature • Ectotherms-external control/envi-ronmental control

  22. Reptiles’ anatomy -feeding • Herbivores and carnivores…and omnivores

  23. Reptiles’ anatomy -respiration • Spongier lungs for more gas exchange

  24. Reptiles’ anatomy -circulation • 3 chambered heart,except 4 in alligators and croc’s • double

  25. Reptiles’ anatomy -excretion • If water retiles excrete toxic ammonia • If land reptiles excrete uric acid

  26. Reptiles’ anatomy- response,movement • Many have sensory organs in roof of mouth • Some have strong legs and some move in a s-curve

  27. Reptiles’ anatomy -reproduction • Internal fertilization • Lay eggs • Oviparous • Amniotic egg:4 membranes-amnion,yolk,chorion,andallantois

  28. Varieties of reptiles • Order squamata-lizards and snakes • Order crocodiliains’s also alligators,caimans and gavials • Order testudines-turtles(water) and tortoises(land)-shell built into skeleton-2parts dorsal –carapace,ventral- plastron • Order sphenodonta-tuataras-near New Zealand,resmble lizards but have 3rd eye

  29. Birds-anatomy and info • Reptilelike but have constant body temperatures -endotherms- with wings and feathers made of protein and developes from pits in bird skin • Contour feathers and down • Flight is enabled by pneumatic bones w/ air sacs

  30. Birds-anatomy-feeding • Must eat constantly,depending on size • Bills adapted to food getting • Have crop to store food • Gizzards to break down food physically • Esophagus,stomach,intestines,pancreas,liver, cloaca

  31. Birds-anatomy-respiration • Most air 1st enters through air sacs in body cavity and bones,then the lungs through specialized tubes,flows in a single direction so always O2 rich-helps maintain high metabolic rate !!!

  32. Birds-anatomy-circulation • 4 chambered heart and 2 separate circulatory loops • Complete separation of O2 rich and O2 poor blood

  33. Birds-anatomy-excretion • Uric acid fecal sacs-whitish

  34. Birds-anatomy-Response • better developed brain • Well developed eyes and optic lobe • Taste and smell usually not well developed

  35. Birds-anatomy-movement • Some do not fly,but most do • More rigid skeleton • Large chest muscles attached to large keel

  36. Birds-anatomy-Reproduction • Mating by cloacal positioning • Amniotic eggs but with harder shells

  37. Archaeopterx-transitional species leading to birds • Passerines-largest order—perching birds • Piciforms arboreal

  38. Mammals • Have hair and mammary glands • Breathe air,4-chambered heart,endotherms

  39. Nonplacentals • Monotremes-egg-laying,have a cloaca • Platypus,spiny ant eaters • Marsupials-young develop in external pouch

  40. Placentals • Order insectivores--shrews,hedgehogs,moles • Order sirenians-manatees • Order chiropterns-bats • Order rodentia-mice,ratssquirrels,beavers,porcupines,gophers,chimp-munks… • Order cetaceans-whales and dolphins

  41. Order perissdactyls--hoofed animals w/ odd # toes-horses,tapirs,rhinos,zebras • Order carnivores-meat eaters--cats,dogs,foxes ,bears,racoons,walruses-some omnivores • Artiodactyls-even- toed hoofed-grazing animals • Xenathrans-no teeth-anteaters,armadillos • Primates

  42. Proboscideans—have trunks Asian and african elephant • Lagomorphs-herbivores-hares and rabbits

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