Global Threat Reduction Initiative

1. UNCLASSIFIED Global Threat Reduction Initiative Domestic Voluntary Security Enhancements for Non-Power Nuclear Reactors and Radioactive Material Facilities Organization of Agreement States Annual Meeting August 2011 UNCLASSIFIED

2. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI Mission • Mission: Reduce and protect vulnerable nuclear and radiological material located at civilian sites worldwide • Goals: • Convert research reactors and isotope production facilities from HEU to LEU (permanent threat reduction) • Remove and dispose of excess nuclear and radiological materials (permanent threat reduction) • Protect high priority nuclear and radiological materials from theft and sabotage UNCLASSIFIED

3. UNCLASSIFIED Global Partners UNCLASSIFIED

4. UNCLASSIFIED Primary Materials of Concern in the United States Radiological Material NRC-led US interagency task force endorsed definitions, radioactive sources, and thresholds for RDDs and REDs of national significance. The analysis identified 16 radionuclides that met the criteria. An additional seven materials could be considered, but only at production facilities where they may be found in large quantities. Spent nuclear fuel also meets the criteria and is included in GTRI’s list. Co-60: Teletherapy and Gamma Knife units (cancer treatment), self-shielded and panoramic irradiators (research and sterilization) Cs-137: Self-shielded irradiators (research and sterilization), brachytherapy (cancer treatment), and calibrators (dosimeter and detector calibration) Am-241: Oil well logging (industrial imaging) Spent Nuclear Fuel: Non-Power Reactors (research and isotope production) Ir-192: Brachytherapy (cancer treatment) and radiography (industrial imaging) UNCLASSIFIED

5. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI’s Domestic Mission GTRI provides voluntary security assistance which includes: Removal of disused or unwanted radioactive sources; Voluntary security enhancements; Specialized training for local law enforcement; No-fault table top exercises; Transportation Security UNCLASSIFIED

6. Relationship to Regulatory Orders and Requirements The NRC and State regulatory agencies working together have created a strong and effective regulatory framework that includes licensing, inspection, and enforcement. This partnership ensures the security of 32 civilian nuclear research and test reactors and over 60,000 high-risk radioactive sources without adversely impacting their beneficial uses. This framework provides a common baseline level of security to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety and the common defense and security. NNSA works with the NRC, the materials licensees and state, local and tribal governments to build on the existing regulatory requirements by providing voluntary security enhancements. These voluntary security enhancements arecomplementary to and do not replacethe licensees requirements to meet NRC and Agreement State regulations. The voluntary security enhancements aresound, cost-effective, and prudent best practiceswhich further improve security above regulatory requirements. NRC published information summaries about GTRI programs RIS 2010-02 The Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) Federally Funded Voluntary Security Enhancements For High-Risk Radiological Material, 1/21/2010, NRC ADAMS ML100150421 Partnership for Securing Nuclear and Radioactive Materials, 3/31/2010, NRC ADAMS ML100890349 GTRI notifies the appropriate regulatory agency before GTRI initiates work at a site GTRI sends out credential letters for its staff and contractors who visit a site UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

7. GTRI Site Prioritization Prioritization Factors: Site Requests / Volunteers Material Attractiveness* UASI Region Proximity IDD Candidates Co-Location Strategic Partnerships Constraining Factors: Budget Regional Approach * Consistent with IAEA Category 1 and 2 definitions UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

8. GTRI Security Enhancement Process Voluntary and Site Specific Proposed enhancements designed specifically for, and negotiated with, each site and local law enforcement agency Federally Funded Assessments, equipment, installation, procedures, and training Minimum 3 years of equipment warranty and maintenance provided In return for enhancements sites are expected to use, maintain, exercise and sustain equipment and procedures (documented in a “Sustainability Statement” which indicates the site’s good faith commitment to operate and maintain federally funded security enhancements) UNCLASSIFIED Volunteer (Licensee) Assess (NNSA) Design (NNSA/Licensee) Agree (Licensee) Operate/ Maintain (Licensee) Contract (NNSA/Licensee) Install (NNSA) Test/Train (NNSA) UNCLASSIFIED

9. UNCLASSIFIED Principles of GTRI Security Enhancements DETECT DELAY RESPOND GTRI CONTAINMENT STRATEGY UNCLASSIFIED

10. UNCLASSIFIED Sample Security Enhancements DETECT • Prompt Detection and Reliable Notification Multi-Factor Access Control: Requires combination of card, pin, or biometric scan for entry Remote Monitoring System (RMS): Critical alarms trigger notification and assessment at multiple on-site and off-site monitoring stations Tamper Indication: Broken seal will result in transmission of images and alarms wirelessly Dual Technology Motion Sensors: Motion or heat triggers alarm Area Radiation Detector: Release of radiation triggers alarm and data transmission Balanced Magnetic Switch (BMS): Unauthorized entry triggers alarm UNCLASSIFIED

11. UNCLASSIFIED Sample Security Enhancements DELAY • Extended Adversary Task Time In-Device Delay (IDD) Kit: Increases time needed to access sources in certain radiation devices Device Tie-Downs and security Cages: Increases time needed to remove entire device Facility Hardening: Security doors, bulletproof glass, and egress security grating increases time needed to enter or exit a room UNCLASSIFIED

12. UNCLASSIFIED Sample Security Enhancements RESPOND • Timely, Aware, Equipped, and Trained Response Local Law Enforcement Outreach and Awareness: LLEA and FBI Information sharing, outreach meetings, and inclusion in all GTRI security assessment visits On-Site and Off-Site Alarm Monitoring: Enhanced on-site alarm integration systems and remote monitoring system review stations for instantaneous off-site critical alarm notification Alarm Response Training and Table Top Exercises: No-fault training and exercises for on-site and off-site responders to nuclear and radiological facilities Personal Radiation Detector: Assists responders in protecting themselves when responding to a potential radiological theft incident UNCLASSIFIED

13. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI Remote Monitoring System UNCLASSIFIED

14. UNCLASSIFIED In-Device Delay (IDD) • Passive barrier attached directly to the shielding, underneath the irradiator covers, over likely point(s) of source removal • Provides significant additional access delay over unhardened unit • IDD benefits are maximized if used in conjunction with detection and response elements of a security system UNCLASSIFIED

15. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI Alarm Response Training Three-day course for first responders that teaches site security and local law enforcement how to protect themselves and their communities when responding to alarms indicating the possible theft/sabotage of civilian nuclear and radioactive materials. • GTRI pays for all attendee costs except for salary (e.g. travel, lodging, car rental, and per diem) Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, TN • Realistic scenarios using radioactive sources, irradiators and security equipment • Classroom instruction and hands-on exercises • Trained to current GTRI standard security upgrades, RFID Tamper indicating devices, Remote Monitoring System, etc. • Personal Radiation Device (PRD) “Train the Trainer” Course • DHS certified and included in the DHS training course catalog • Research and Test Reactor Course UNCLASSIFIED

16. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI Table Top Exercises FBI and NNSA sponsor no-fault, site-specific scenarios where Federal, State, Local, and Private sector officials can exercise their response to terrorist acts involving nuclear and radioactive materials. Promote cross-sector communications, cooperation, and team building among Federal, State, local, and private sector first responders • Players and participants usually include: • Federal (FBI, DHS, DOE) • State (Emergency Management, Regulator, etc.) • Local /Private (Site Personnel, RSO, Site Security, LLEA, Fire Department, County/City Personnel, etc.) • Prepare site-specific integrated response plan with Federal, State, local and private sector partners • Examine newly developed tactics, techniques, and procedures resulting from GTRI voluntary security enhancements • One day (~6 hours) near-real time game play customized to your specific site • Realistic events based on actual FBI threat information • Video injections with mock-media involvement for fast paced action • Challenges first responders to: • Stop theft • Recover missing material • Execute post-dispersal consequence management UNCLASSIFIED

17. UNCLASSIFIED GTRI Progress • Security Enhancements • Identified an estimated 2,795 buildings that meet GTRI criteria for assistance • 271 buildings completed • 264 buildings assessed and in progress • 122 additional buildings have volunteered and are awaiting assessments • In-Device Delay • Completed 245 installations out of 843 known candidate devices • Industry partners (irradiator manufacturers) have begun to incorporate hardening into production of new devices • Alarm Response Training and Table Top Exercises • Conducted 36 ART courses and trained 1,268 students from 23 states and Washington, D.C. • 16 ART courses planned in FY2012 • Conducted 16 TTXs in 14 states with one additional TTX planned in FY2011 (NY) • Tentatively planning 7 TTXs in FY2012 in MA, HI, CA, VA, WA, OH, and NC UNCLASSIFIED

18. UNCLASSIFIED Security Enhancement Progress by State UNCLASSIFIED

19. UNCLASSIFIED Regional and Industry Outreach • Regional Outreach and Coordination • GTRI has partnered with state regulators, local law enforcement and the FBI to conduct regional outreach meetings and workshops to increase awareness and kick off regional security enhancement projects • Currently conducting coordinated regional efforts in Philadelphia, State of New York, New York City, Chicago, State of New Jersey, Washington, D.C., East Tennessee, Commonwealth of Kentucky, Los Angeles and Orange County (CA) • Large-scale regional alarm monitoring agreements with several major metropolitan, county or state police departments • Industry Outreach • GTRI, in coordination with other state and federal partners, conducts industry outreach meetings and workshops to increase awareness and explore areas for GTRI security enhancement assistance • Current efforts included: • Radioactive material shippers and carriers • Well-Logging Security Initiative • Radiography industry (NDTMA) • Panoramic irradiation companies UNCLASSIFIED

20. UNCLASSIFIED Questions and GTRI Contacts Questions? Ioanna Iliopulos Office Director North and South American Threat Reduction Ioanna.Iliopulos@nnsa.doe.gov 202-586-1881 Pete Tensmeyer Deputy Directory North and South American Threat Reduction Peter.Tensmeyer@nnsa.doe.gov 202-586-2445 UNCLASSIFIED