Comparative Anatomy Introduction

1. Comparative AnatomyIntroduction Note Set 1 Chapter 1 Compiled by Dr. Stan Trauth and Leslie Knod

2. Comparative Anatomy Lecture Schedule • COURSE TITLE: Comparative Vertebrate AnatomyFall, 2007 • ZOOL 3002 • TEXT: Vertebrates:Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, 4th ed., by Kenneth V. Kardong • INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Stan Trauth, Professor of Zoology • OFFICE: LSW 146 (Electron Microscope Facility); office hours posted on door. • OBJECTIVES OF COURSE: Survey of vertebrate anatomy with emphasis on evolutionary history and homology. Also, the functional significance of • anatomical structures will be addressed. • TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE--SUBJECT MATERIAL AND CHAPTERS: • Aug. 21-30 - Introduction; Vertebrate Body Plan (Chapters 1, 2 & 4) • Sept. 4-6 - Vertebrate Classification (Chapter 3) • Sept. 11-13 - Early Vertebrate Morphogenesis (Chapter 5) • Sept. 18 -1stEXAM • Sept. 20-25 - Integument (Chapter 6) • Sept. 27 -Vertebrae (Chapter 8) • Oct. 2-8 -Mid-semester Grades) • Oct. 4-9 -Vertebrate Skull (Chapter 7) • Oct. 11 -Appendicular Skeleton (Chapter 9) • Oct. 11-16 - Muscles (Chapter 10) • Oct. 16-18 - Digestive System (Chapter 13) • Oct. 25 -2ndEXAM • Oct. 30 -Respiratory Systems (Chapter 11) • Nov.1-8 -Circulatory System (Chapter 12) • Nov. 13-15 - Urogenital System (Chapter 14); Nervous System (Chapter 16) • Nov. 15 -Nervous System (cont.); Sense Organs (Chapter17) • Nov. 19-24 - Fall Break and Thanksgiving Holiday • Nov. 27 -3rd Exam • Nov. 29 -Sense Organs (cont.); Endocrine Organs (Chapter 15) • Dec. 11 (Tuesday) - FINAL EXAM (8-10 AM) • Total Points: 500 (300 pts.-- Lecture Exams; 200 pts.-- Comprehensive Final) • A - 450 pts. • B - 400-449 • C - 350-399 • D - 300-349 • F < 299 • Attendance is MANDITORY. Make-up exams MUST be taken no later than one lecture period following the original test date. • Arkansas State University ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICY • Arkansas State University enthusiastically promotes academic integrity and professional ethics among all members of the ASU academic community. • Violations of this policy are considered as serious misconduct and may result in disciplinary action and severe penalties.

3. Example of Comparative Anatomy Interactive Notes Comparative Anatomy Notes – Set 2 Characteristics of Vertebrates - Chapters 1 & 3 Ontogeny - development and differentiation takes place during lifetime of organism General Body Plan Regions - head, trunk, tail head - in vertebrates - concentration of sense organs = cephalization - protective cover in head region comprised of bone or cartilage - increased brain size associated with sense organs trunk - see series of muscular masses beside notochord somites - similar to one another - all the way down body = metameric somites serial homology with respect to somites - space between gut and body wall = coelom - true body cavity ……………………….

4. Why Study Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy?

5. Figure 1.1: Aggregate of copperheads.

6. Before birds . . . there were carnivorous dinosaurs by which feathers evolved? Figure 1.2

7. Evolutionary Relationships Figure 1.3 One theory of feather origin is based on developmental stages that feathers exhibit today, which are related to different theropod dinosaur groups.

8. Teleology- structure acquired because it “needs” it (i.e., intelligent design). • “Birds have wings; THEREFORE they CAN fly. They don’t spout wings because they NEED to fly” (1). • Ontogeny- individual organism develops (e.g., embryo to adult).

9. In the evolutionary process, is there a push back to juvenile stages? Figure 1.4

10. Figure 1.5 Newborn Chimpanzee Adult Chimpanzee • The newborn chimpanzee is strikingly human-like (skull and hair); yet, these characteristics are lost as it matures (left to right). • Evolution by retaining juvenile characteristic stages.

11. Skull Comparisons Figure 1.6 Chimpanzee (female) [95 mm] Neanderthal [152 mm] Modern Human [135 mm] • In comparing functionally important genes, humans and chimpanzees are 99.4% similar. • Chimpanzees should be reclassified as Homo troglodytes according to some authors; currently, humans are the only species in the genus Homo (2).

12. Evolutionary Morphology- study of from and function • Homology- two or more structures that share common ancestry • Analogy- structures have similar functions • Homoplastic- structures look similar but distantly related Birds: Loss of digits, some bones fused Bats: 5 digits, elongated metacarpals and phalanges Pterosaurs: elongated fourth digit Figure 1.8: Wing morphology.

13. Morphology is central theme in evolutionary biology • Cuvier- considered morphology to be integration of form and function Figure 1.9 Ex: Fruit fly wing and pteranodon wing analogous and homoplastic structures but not homologous.

14. Figure 1.10 Forelimb bones. • Homology in type of bones present (e.g., carpals, humerus, etc.) • Adaptations give a variety of functions (e.g., walk, fly, swim, etc.) • Natural Selection- variations in organisms results in varying degrees of success in competition (i.e., survival of the fittest)

15. Vertebrate embryos are structurally similar in early embryonic stage. Figure 1.11: Vertebrate embryo development.

16. Literature Cited Figure 1.1- Trauth, Stan. Figure 1.2, 1.3- Scientific American. March 2003. 1- Trauth, Stan. Comparative Anatomy Lecture. September 23, 2005. Figure 1.4- Time Magazine. October 30, 2000. Figure 1.5- http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic10/evol.htm. Figure 1.6- http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/. 2- Pickrell, John. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html. Figure 1.7- http://www.creation-science.us/articles/snake_vestigial_limb.html. Figure 1.8- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes5.htm. Figure 1.9- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 1.10- http://w3.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/17/ch17c3.html. Figure 1.11- http://www.devbio.com/article.php?ch=23&id=242.