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Understanding Blood Groups and Transfusions

Explore the significance of blood transfusions, compatible and incompatible transfusions, blood type inheritance, and the risks associated with Rh factor in pregnancy. Learn about the main blood groups, antigens, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and preventive measures like RhoGAM treatment.

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Understanding Blood Groups and Transfusions

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  1. Blood Groups & Transfusions Pages 349-353

  2. Blood Transfusions • When blood is given intraveneously • Usually donated blood • Transfusions are given for: • Blood loss due to injury • Surgery • To supplement your own blood

  3. Compatible Transfusions • Blood cells have their own antigens • Genetically determined proteins • Allows us to determine “self”; a form of self defense • Transfusions must be compatible w/recipient • Those individuals with the same antigens

  4. Incompatible Transfusions • What happens if the blood is incompatible? • Your body will assume the transfused blood is an invader • Antibodies will bind to the (foreign) antigens on the donor RBC • Antibodies are proteins specialized to recognize foreign substances and provide immunity against them

  5. Agglutination follows… • Incompatible transfusions cause agglutination • clumping of the foreign RBCs • RBCs burst open!(hemolysis) • releases hemoglobin into bloodstream • Hemoglobin can block kidney tubules • Can cause kidney failure and death

  6. Blood Type is inherited • Represented by multiple alleles • Two of these are co-dominant • The Rhesus factor is a protein that may exist on the surface of the cell – this results in a positive blood type

  7. The Main Blood groups • The ABO Blood groups: • Type A (Both A antigens) • Type B (Both B antigens) • Type AB (Both A and B antigens) • Type O (neither antigen is present; recessive) • Rh (rhesus) factor ( + or - ): • Positive or negative for presence on the surface of the RBC • Pregnant women risk destruction of baby’s RBCs as the body attempts to reject a baby that doesn’t match mother’s rhesus factor

  8. Inheritance of antigens

  9. Pregnancy and the Rh Factor • Differences in Rh factor between baby and mother • Most of the time, the first baby is fine • Antibodies are built up after first baby • This makes the second pregnancy extremely high risk

  10. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn • If the baby survives pregnancy: • the destruction of RBCs will result in: • Hemolytic disease of the newborn • Jaundice • Anemia • Enlarged liver/spleen • To counteract this problem: • Incompatible mothers are given an immune serum called RhoGAM to prevent this immune response

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