Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II

1. Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II 1941-1945 Chapter 22

2. LEAGUE OF NATIONS • No control of major conflicts. • No progress in disarmament. • No effective military force.

3. I. Fighting WWII A. U.S. foreign policy 2. Good Neighbor Policy: right to interfere militarily in the international affairs of Latin America - repeal of Platt amendment - removal of troops B. Aggression abroad 2. Hilter’s Germany a. Nazism b. Rearmament c. “Race & Space”, Anschluss e. Appeasement: giving in to an agressor’s demands to keep the peace ii. Munich Conference: allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland 3. Mussolini & Fascism 4. Franco, Fascism, & the Spanish Civil War

4. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

5. Germany Invades the RhinelandMarch 7, 1936

6. Anschluss, 1936

7. The “Problem” of theSudetenland

8. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.

9. Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

14. C. American isolationism 1. Sources a. Pro-Nazi sentiment: fascism is better than communism b. Business with Japan: trucks, aircraft, oil d. Pacifism 2. Manifestations a. Neutrality Acts: banned travel on warring ships, no sale of arms to countries at war, nonmilitary goods sold to warring nations must be paid for in cash D. Outbreak of WWII 1. Nazi-Soviet Pact 2. Sept. 1, 1939 4. Nazi control of Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, Netherlands, June 14, 1940  France 6. London Blitzkrieg, 1940-1941

15. Timeline of Events Prior to the U.S. Entry into the War • Sept. 1, 1939 – GB, FR declare war • April 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark, Norway • May 1940 – Hitler’s “Blitz” on Belgium • Late May 1940 – Evacuation at Dunkirk • June 1940 – Hitler marches into Paris • June 1940 – Dec. 1940 – Battle of Britain or the London “Blitz” • Dec. – August 1941 – Hitler’s Russian offensive begins • Dec. 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor

16. U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

18. The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

21. German Troops March into Warsaw

22. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers or “Allies”: Great Britain, France, Russia, United States (in 1941).

23. European Theatre

24. France SurrendersJune, 1940

25. The Battle of Britain

26. The Blitz

29. The RAF

30. E. America’s shifting response 2. Steps toward involvement a. “cash and carry” arms to Britain b. Rearmament industry  America First Committee – noninterventionist group, 800,000 members 3. Reelection of FDR a. Dangerous international and domestic problems 4. Toward intervention b. Lend Lease Act: authorized military aid to any country who’s defense was vital to American security so long as countries promised to return it all after war

31. America First Committee

32. U.S. Lend Lease Act Great Britain............................$31 billionSoviet Union............................$11 billionFrance.....................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.......................$500 millionSouth America.........................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

33. Secret Atlantic Charter: FDR, Churchill meet off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada in Aug. 1941. Agreed on creating safety for all nations.

34. F. December 7, 1941 - U.S. suspended sale of resources (oil) to Japan - Oct. 1941 General Tojo became prime minister (was pro-war) - Nov. 1941 – U.S. intel learns Japanese fleet is moving to SE Asia - To conquer Asia the U.S. Pacific fleet could not exist - 7:00 AM radar officer spots planes. By 9:45 it was over. - 2,000 American dead, 187 aircraft, 18 vessels, 8 battleships - shattered the belief that oceans were a buffer zone

35. G. Pacific Theatre 1. Early setbacks a. Early 1942: Burma, Siam, Indonesia, Guam, Philippines b. Bataan: 78,000 Americans, Filipinos surrender, “death march” 2. Turning of the tide a. Coral Sea, May ‘42 - both lost more than half their aircraft Midway, June ’42 – damaged 4 carriers sunk, more offenses Guadalcanal, Fall ‘42 – 1st major offensive on Japanese territory Solomon Islands, Winter ‘42 – protect communication/supply lines H. War in Europe 1. Allied advances a. North Africa – May 1943, Morocco landing, pushed East b. The Atlantic – convoys and “wolf packs” c. July 1943 – Operation Avalanche (invasion of Italy) d. June 6, 1944: 200,000 Allied forces, NW France - 2 months later, liberation of Paris

36. Bataan Death March April 1942

37. Midway: June 4-7, 1942

38. Battle of Iwo Jima: Nov. 1944, tiny island 700mi from Japan- very rocky terrain, with caves. - 74 days of heavy bombing (7,000 tons). - Took 3 days to advance 70 yards, 1 month to take the island - 25,000 casualties

39. 2. Eastern Front a. 3 million German soldiers invade Soviets b. Stalingrad: 5 month battle, Soviets surrounded, 800,000 Germans, 1.2M Russians died, Jan. 1943 German surrender d. 10M Germans, 20M Russians died on Eastern Front 3. The Holocaust - 1941, “The final solution” - 1945, 6 million Jewish people dead

40. Stalingrad, Winter 1942 - 1943

41. II. Home Front A. Mobilization 1. War Production Board: organized the conversion of peacetime industry to war good – stopped production of consumer goods War - regulate shipping, manufacturing, labor, wages, prices, rents - 4 million federal workers - only 2% unemployment - 1944, ship every day, plane every 5 minutes - $123B increase in GNP B. Business in wartime 2. Achievements of wartime manufacturing - low-interest loans, tax concessions, contracts - 100,000 vehicles, 2.5M trucks - research, radar, jet power, computers i. West: shipbuilding, steel plants ii. South: some industry, still rural – mining, lumber, oil, cotton

43. C. Organized labor in wartime ii. Spread of union recognition – forced by fed govt, keep production going iii. Union leaders agreed not to strike wildcat strikes: not endorsed by unions 2. New Deal Cut Backs: kept Soc Security, stopped CCC, WPA D. Four Freedoms 3. Controversy a. Freedom from want: protect the future “standard of living” for workers/farmers b. Office of War Info: mobilize public opinion - a “people’s war” for freedom - worked with radio stations, ad agencies, film, press - right to fair pay, adequate food, clothing, shelter, health care

44. FDR’s Four Freedoms

45. E. Women in wartime labor 2. “Rosie the Riveter” – self reliant image - 1/3 of labor force, 350,000 in military auxiliary - forced unions for equal pay, maternity leave, childcare - temporary necessity

47. Rationing: “meatless Tuesday,” “victory gardens”

48. Hollywood

49. III. Visions of Postwar Freedom A. Alternative outlooks 1. Luce – U.S. must embrace role of superpower, imperialize 2. Wallace – international cooperation B. Liberal Economics 1. National Resource Planning Board (NRPB): based on full employment, expanded welfare, shared standard of living 2. Economic Bill of Rights: expand govt involvement to secure NRPB terms 3. GI Bill: pensions, college, home mortgages

50. C. Economic Conservatism a. No person has enough knowledge to direct econ. Activity c. Called for mini wage, max work hours, antitrust enforcement, guarantee of food, shelter, clothing IV. Race and Ethnicity A. Americanism is toleration of diversity & equality for all B. Broad assimilation of ethnic outsiders 2. Patriotic assimilation: pluralism, harmony, brotherhood, counterpoint to Nazism D. Anti-semitism & racism: failure to accept Jewish refugees, failure to bomb concentration camps, Harlem race riot E. Mexican-Americans 1. Bracero program: 4.5M contract laborers entered the U.S. for domestic/agricultural jobs; provided transportation, food, medical care, shelter – no unions