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Understanding Hydrocarbons and Solubility Principles

Discover the properties of hydrocarbons, nonpolar molecules like oil, and the science of solubility. Learn about the molecular polarity, how oil and water don't mix, and the principles behind washing, drying, and dry cleaning processes.

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Understanding Hydrocarbons and Solubility Principles

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  1. A Hydrocarbon • Typical petroleum product • Non-polar CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 C18H38

  2. Oil and Water Don’t Mix • Oil is nonpolar • Water is polar “Like dissolves like” Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 470

  3. tub (soft) margarine vegetable oils stick margarine shortening Hydrogenation + H2 heat, nickel catalyst Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 570

  4. H H–C–H H–C–H H–C–H H–C–H H H H O Molecular Polarity nonpolar molecules: -- e– are shared equally -- tend to be symmetric e.g., fats and oils polar molecules: -- e– NOT shared equally e.g., water “Like dissolves like.” polar + polar = solution nonpolar + nonpolar = solution polar + nonpolar = suspension (won’t mix evenly)

  5. Cl Cl C=C Cl Cl Using Solubility Principles Chemicals used by body obey solubility principles. -- water-soluble vitamins: e.g., vit. C -- fat-soluble vitamins: e.g., vits. A, D Dry cleaning employs nonpolar liquids. -- polar liquids damage wool, silk -- also, dry clean for stubborn stains (ink, rust, grease) -- (tetra) perchloroethylene is in common use

  6. Washing Process Drying Process Process used for Wash and dry Dry Cleaning Unit- One unit washes and dries Pressing Dirty Clothes Air to Atmosphere Warm Vapor From Dryer Dirty Perc Condenser Filter Perc Used, Filtered Perc Separator Condensed Liquid Perc Finished Clothes New Perchloro- ethylene (PERC) Perc Storage/ Collection Collected Used Perc Clean Perc Water Discharge Hazardous Waste* Distiller *Soil, dirt, unrecovered Perc

  7. emulsifying agent (emulsifier): -- molecules w/both a polar AND a nonpolar end -- allows polar and nonpolar substances to mix e.g., soap detergent lecithin eggs MODEL OF A SOAP MOLECULE Na1+ NONPOLAR HYDROCARBON TAIL POLAR HEAD

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