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The Changing Earth

The Changing Earth. Chapter Thirteen: Formation of Rocks. 13.1 The Composition of Rocks 13.2 Igneous Rocks 13.3 How Rocks Change. Investigation 13A. Mineral Identification. How are minerals identified?. 13.1 The composition of rocks.

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The Changing Earth

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  1. The Changing Earth

  2. Chapter Thirteen: Formation of Rocks • 13.1 The Composition of Rocks • 13.2 Igneous Rocks • 13.3 How Rocks Change

  3. Investigation 13A Mineral Identification • How are minerals identified?

  4. 13.1 The composition of rocks • A rockis a naturally-formed solid made of one or more minerals. minerals rock

  5. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • A mineralis a solid, inorganic object with a defined chemical composition. • Minerals have atoms arranged into orderly structures called crystals. This cubic mineral is often placed on food. Can you guess what it is?

  6. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • Diamonds and graphite are both minerals that are made of carbon, but their crystalline structures are different.

  7. 13.1 Rocks are made of minerals • There are more than 4,000 minerals on Earth. • The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, are oxygen and silicon.

  8. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Mica is a rock with its minerals stacked like the pages in a book. • A cleavage planeis a surface along which a mineral cleanly splits.

  9. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust. • Like feldspar, hornblende has two cleavage planes.

  10. 13.1 Common minerals and cleavage planes • Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust. • Unlike feldspar, quartz lacks cleavage planes. • When quartz breaks, it does not split along planes.

  11. 13.1 Mohs hardness scale • Mohs hardness scalewas developed in 1812 by Friedrick Mohs (an Austrian mineral expert) as a method to identify minerals. • This scale uses 10 minerals to represent variations in hardness.

  12. 13.1 Groups of rocks • There are three groups of rocks that are formed by the processed in the Earth’s crust. • An igneous rockforms from the cooling and crystallizing of magma or lava. • A sedimentary rockis made of sediments. • A metamorphic rockis a rock that is formed from another rock because of heat and pressure.

  13. 13.1 Groups of rocks • The rock cycle allows material to keep changing form and moving from place to place on Earth.

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