April 6, 2006 Ryk Dunkelberg Barnard Dunkelberg & Company

1. Mediated Role Determination Panel Meeting April 6, 2006 Ryk Dunkelberg Barnard Dunkelberg & Company

2. Introduction • AIRPORT 101 • Background on Noise • Grant Assurances • FAR Part 77 Obstructions • FAR Part 139 Certification • ANCA-FAR Part 161 • FAR Part 36 Standards • FAR Part 150 Study • Noise Regulations and Guidelines

3. Background on Noise • Characteristics of Sound • Noise Weighting Scales • Cumulative Noise Metrics • Supplemental Noise Metrics • DNL Noise Contour • Health Effects of Noise

4. Characteristics of Sound • Noise is defined as “Sound or a sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired.”

5. Characteristics of Sound • SOUND LEVEL • Sound level (how loud) is measured in decibels, which are abbreviated as dB. The sound pressure range is so large that the logarithmic scale is used to express it • FREQUENCY • Frequency (pitch) is measured in bands called Hertz (Hz) • DURATION • Duration (how long the noise lasts) is another important feature in measuring the total impact of a noise event

6. Characteristics of Sound • PROPAGATION OF SOUND • Propagation (how sound travels) depends on several environmental characteristics; • FREQUENCY, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY • TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS • WIND GRADIENTS • SHIELDING BY STRUCTURES • EXCESS GROUND ATTENUATION • Because many of these factors change daily and sometimes hourly, aircraft producing the same noise level at the source are experienced differently on the ground

7. Noise Weighting Scales • The human ear cannot hear all frequencies of sound; “weighted scales” have been developed to reflect what we actually hear. The scale most closely related to the human perception is A-weighting, written as dBA. • The dBA scale has become the most prominent of these scales and is widely used in community noise analysis. Its advantages are that it has shown good correlation with community response and is easily measured.

8. Noise Weighting Scales Addition • Decibels are logarithmic • Adding Decibels is not linear • 80 dBA + 80 dBA = 83 dBA • 60 dBA + 80 dBA = 80.1 dBA

9. Noise Weighting Scales “Rules of Thumb” • 3 dBA is the threshold at which a healthy ear can detect change in noise • 10 dBA change seems twice as loud • 20 dBA change seems four times as loud • Sound decreases 6 dBA when distance doubled • dBA only form of noise measurement used by FAA to determine noise impacts

10. Noise Metrics • Single Event Metrics • Maximum Noise Level (Lmax) • Sound Exposure Level (SEL) • Cumulative Noise Metrics • LEQ Noise Level • Cumulative Daily Noise Metrics • DNL Noise Level • Built from SEL and LEQ noise

11. Single Event Metrics • Lmax • Highest noise event reached during a noise event • Aircraft noise rises above ambient noise, then decreases until sound levels settle to ambient levels • SEL • Good method to describe single noise events • SEL duration is calculated when the sound rises above ambient levels until it drops below background levels, compressing the noise into one second

12. Single Event Metric

13. Cumulative Noise Metrics • Equivalent Noise Level –LEQ • Averages noise over a specific time period (1 minute, 15 minutes, 1 hour) • LEQ is the energy average summed from all of the sound that occurs in a certain period of time

14. LEQ – With Aircraft Events

15. LEQ – Without Aircraft Events

16. Cumulative Daily Metrics • Day Night Noise Level – DNL • Sums all noise events over a 24 hour period • Takes into account aircraft SEL and number of operations • Nighttime events penalized 10 dB between 10 p.m. – 7 a.m. • 65 DNL accepted metric to measure changes in noise for federal noise studies • 1.5 DNL change at the 65 DNL constitutes a change in noise • Used to create DNL noise contours

17. DNL

18. DNL Noise Contour • DNL Noise Contour • DNL noise contours are lines of equal noise • Average noise exposure over 1 year • Integrated Noise Model used to generate • Must use INM per FAA requirements • Input information into INM computer model to create DNL noise contours

19. DNL Noise Contour • INM Inputs • Number of aircraft operations by type • Types of aircraft • Day (7 am – 10 pm)/Night (10 pm – 7 am) distribution • Flight Tracks • Flight track utilization by type • Flight profiles • Typical operational procedures • Average meteorological conditions

20. DNL Noise Contour

21. Integrated Noise Model (INM) Improvements • FAA releases new INM versions as research and information availability dictate. Current version 6.1 • INM periodically updated to reflect changes to aircraft, quieter engines, new flight management technology, and quieter airframes • FAA continually trying to improve model outputs such as noise metrics and audibility

22. Health Effects of Noise • Hearing Loss • Communication Interference • Sleep Interference • Psychological Response • Annoyance

23. Annoyance and Community Response

24. Communication Interference

25. Sleep Interference

26. Noise Regulations and Guidelines • FAR Part 36 – Aircraft Noise Standards • FAR Part 150 – Airport Noise Compatibility Planning • Airport Noise and Capacity Act (ANCA) • FAA Order 5050.4A and Order 1050.1E – Environmental Analysis of Aircraft Noise Around Airports • Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON) 1992

27. Responsibilities • FAA-Responsible for safe, secure, efficient global aerospace system (flight routes and aircraft operations) • Aircraft Owner/Operator – Flight schedules and aircraft route assignments • Airport – Manages facilities, works with FAA and aviation tenants (airlines, FBO’s, military) • Noise Management Office – Airport, FAA, airlines, and community

28. Capabilities of Stakeholders • FAA – Federal • Approves and allocates funds for federal projects: Part 150, Environmental Studies, Residential Sound Insulation, Capital Projects (noise monitoring system) • Approves changes to operations: flight track changes, airspace changes • Aircraft Owner/Operator • Flight schedules – time of day and aircraft type • Understand local flight procedures • Local Government – County and City • Ensure land uses are compatible per Federal, State, and local regulations in areas around airport

29. Grant Assurances • Essentially a Contract between FAA and County • Public use airport open to the public • Cannot discriminate between users • Cannot unreasonably interfere with interstate commerce • Promote and encourage compatible land use planning and implementation • Around 32 total assurances

30. FAR Part 77– Obstruction Avoidance • Height Zoning Requirements • Federal guidelines, local implementation • Restrict hazards and obstructions to ensure safe and efficient use of airspace • FAA cannot implement, only comment • Federal requirement, all construction around an airport must submit airspace forms

31. Example FAR Part 77 Map

32. FAR Part 77

33. FAR Part 139 Certification • Requirements that an Airport must meet to be certified • Voluntary Certification • Ensures safe and efficient airfield and airside operations, i.e., airfield conditions, lights, signs, inspections, training, ARFF, etc. • Required for scheduled air service. • County obligated per Boeing contract.

34. Paine Field Master Plan • Long term planning guidance, both airside and landside • Contains aviation activity forecasts, approved by the FAA • Reviewed and updated approximately every five to six years

35. Paine Field Master Plan • Developed through public process, advisory committee, public meetings, County Council approval (2002), FAA approval of forecasts and ALP, and acceptance of plan. • FAA Advisory Circular guides process, contains dimensional criteria and other safety criteria for airports. • Master Plan presented four Forecast Scenarios; National High, National Low, Regional High and Regional Low

36. Airport Layout Plan

37. questions & comments

38. to provide Comments and Additional information • Mr. Bill Dolan • Paine Field • Phone Number. 425-353-2110 • FAX Number. 425-355-9883 • Mr. Ryk Dunkelberg • Barnard Dunkelberg & Company • Phone Number. 918-585-8844 • FAX Number. 918-585-8857

39. Supplemental Metrics • Time Above • Measures the total time in seconds or minutes aircraft noise exceeds a specified level in a 24-hour period • TA 65 dBA generally represents the threshold of outdoor speech interference • Number Above • Calculates the number of events above a specified level • Commonly use NA 65 dBA to define number of events in a 24-hour period above 65 dBA

40. TA85 TA75 TA65 Time Above