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MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01. Candace Genest, Ph.D. January 19, 2011. Date. Physiological Theories. Chapter 3: Genetic Contributions to Motivated Behavior Chapter 4: Physiological Mechanisms of Arousal Chapter 5: Physiological Mechanisms of Regulation. Chapter 3.

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MOTIVATION HBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01

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  1. MOTIVATIONHBD4741.01 / HBD5741.01 • Candace Genest, Ph.D. • January 19, 2011 Date

  2. Physiological Theories • Chapter 3: Genetic Contributions to Motivated Behavior • Chapter 4: Physiological Mechanisms of Arousal • Chapter 5: Physiological Mechanisms of Regulation

  3. Chapter 3 • Genetic Contributors to Motivated Behavior

  4. Instinct Theories • Continuum of human and animal behavior • Animals: Instinctive with some rationality • Humans: Rational with some instinctive behavior • Nominal Fallacy • Not well distinguished from learned behavior

  5. William James • Instincts “occur blindly” at first • Automatic under certain conditions • Without knowledge of end or goal • Impulse • Changes with experience / learning • Memory interacts with instinct • Tendency to act in a particular way

  6. William James (cont.) • Variable • Habit (learning) can inhibit an instinct • Restricting range of objects • Example: fear / inquisitiveness • Transitory • Certain times or developmental periods • Example: imprinting

  7. William James (cont.) • Instinctive behavior - between reflexes & learning • Range of human instincts • Bonobo vs. Chimp argument • http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2010/06/25/128107938/understanding-our-inner-ape?sc=emaf • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/bonobo-all-us.html

  8. William McDougall • Cognitive (thought): knowing of an object that can satisfy the instinct • Affective (emotion): feeling the object arouses • Conative (behavior): striving toward or away from • Goal: can aid in determining activated instinct - teleological • Critique: assumes can foresee predict vs. largely unaware

  9. William McDougall (cont.) • Altering Instinct • 1. By object or idea of object or alternate objects (milk, food, idea) • 2. Expressive movement / behavior changes over time (crawling / reading) • 3. Blending instincts (adolescent behavior) • 4. Organized around particular settings, cues, environments (behavior at work vs. home)

  10. Criticisms of Instinct Theories • Kuo (1921) - “Giving Up Instincts in Psychology” • 1. No agreement on type or # of instincts • 2. Behavior random - then learned through reinforcement • 3. Behavior aroused by external stimuli - not internal instinct

  11. Criticism of Instinct Theories (continued) • Tolman (1923) - Instinct might be saved if . . . • Overcome the nominal fallacy (explanation vs. description) • Clearly distinguish between instinctive and not • Instinctive vs. intelligent • Instinct vs. habit • Focus on goal rather than behavior

  12. Ethology • Key Terms: Imprinting, consumatory, appetitive, key stimuli, conflict behavior (ambivalent, redirected, displaced), facial expressions, eye contact, aggression, & other innate human behaviors • Modern Theories • Behavioral Ecology - particular behaviors adaptive for that env. • Cognitive Ethology - animal info. processing & consciousness • Evolutionary Psychology - solutions to adaptive problems

  13. Chapter 4 • Physiological Mechanisms of Arousal

  14. Arousal Theory • Continuum of behavior - very low (coma/sleep) to very high (rage) • Inverted U function with regard to performance • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Varies by task • Related to activation of pons/medulla • Reticular Activating System • Hebb’s Theory: cue function / arousal functiong mediated by RAS

  15. Arousal Theory (continued) • Behavioral, autonomic, or cortical types of arousal • Sleep • Low arousal? • Absence of behavior? • Circadian rhythm, stages, REM & NREM, dreams, deprivation • Physiology: brainstem

  16. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine: increases arousal; blockers decrease arousal • Norepinephrine: vigilance / wakefulness; low during sleep • Serotonin: most active when awake; facilitates automatic bx; maintaining ongoing activites • Histamine: direct & indirect arousal

  17. Stress • Selye (1973) - nonspecific response to demand • movement away from optimal body functioning (homeostasis)

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