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Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt

Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt. Uranium production in the U.S. What is “nuclear fission”?. U-235 + 1 neutron = U-236 U-236 splits into: 2 neutrons + byproducts + ENERGY. Light Water Reactors Boiling Water Reactor. Light Water Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor.

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Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt

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  1. Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt

  2. Uranium production in the U.S.

  3. What is “nuclear fission”? • U-235 + 1 neutron = U-236 • U-236 splits into: • 2 neutrons + byproducts + ENERGY

  4. Light Water Reactors Boiling Water Reactor

  5. Light Water Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor

  6. Heavy Water Reactor Nuclear fission reactors used in Canada use heavy water as the moderator in their reactors. Since the deuterium in heavy water is slightly more effective in slowing down the neutrons from the fission reactions, the uranium fuel needs no enrichment and can be used as mined. The Canadian style reactors are commonly called CANDU reactors.

  7. Moderator = graphite blocks • Problems: • Instability • of graphite • Lack of • containment • at Chernobyl

  8. Fast Breeder Reactors Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes. The most common breeding reaction is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238. The term "fast breeder" refers to the types of configurations which can actually produce more fissionable fuel than they use. France has made the largest implementation of breeder reactors with its large Super-Phenix reactor and an intermediate scale reactor (BN-600) on the Caspian Sea for electric power and desalinization.

  9. Gas-Cooled Reactors: Pebble bed

  10. World Nuclear Reactors

  11. NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE • 1946 Atomic Energy Act passed creating AEC • 1957 Price Anderson Act passed • 1960-80 Many US nuclear plants constructed • 1970s: increasing anti-nuclear activism • : • Three Mile Island accident • China syndrome • 1986: Chernobyl

  12. NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE • Since TMI decline of nuclear power in U.S.; cancellation of plants, etc. Business in rest of the world is mixed, at best. • Politics: Seabrook / MUSE • “prudency reviews” / TMI, Ginna • Evacuation plans and licensing • Decommissioning • new designs • Licensing Process: • US • Elsewhere

  13. Radioactive Wastes • Low-Level Waste (LLW) - includes radioactively contaminated protective clothing, tools, filters, rags, medical tubes, and many other items • High-Level Waste (HLW)- "irradiated" or used nuclear reactor fuel; some fuel processing wastes • Uranium Mill Tailings - the residues remaining after the processing of natural ore to extract uranium and thorium

  14. Waste Disposal • Low-level wastes: LLRWPA/compacts • High level wastes: • NWPA: Indiana case • Yucca Mountain

  15. High level Nuclear Waste (Dry Cask) Storage

  16. High level Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage (fuel rods)

  17. Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage

  18. Conceptual diagram of the Yucca Mountain facility

  19. Opposition to Yucca Mountain Disposal Site

  20. What should be done with American high-level nuclear waste? Why? Nuclear power comprises roughly 15-20% of US (and worldwide) electric generation. How much should the U.S. rely on it in the future? Why?

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